苹果风味评价指标的筛选研究

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2015.14.011

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 【目的】筛选适宜的苹果风味评价指标，为构建苹果风味评价指标体系和苹果风味科学评价奠定基础。【方法】测定132个苹果样品的6项风味指标：用酸度计测定pH，用全糖仪测定可溶性固形物含量，用斐林试剂滴定法测定可溶性糖含量，用指示剂滴定法测定可滴定酸含量，用口尝鉴评法进行风味鉴评，固酸比用可溶性固形物含量与可滴定酸含量的比值表示，糖酸比用可溶性糖含量与可滴定酸含量的比值表示。利用水平分析、回归分析、聚类分析、因子分析等数理统计分析方法，明确各指标的水平及其分布、指标间的变化趋势和定量关系，筛选出适宜的苹果风味评价指标，并进行苹果风味评价与分类。【结果】（1）苹果品种间pH、可溶性固形物含量和可溶性糖含量差异均较小，变异系数分别为8.5%、10.7%和10.6%，可滴定酸含量、固酸比和糖酸比差异均很大，变异系数分别高达45.1%、64.9%和66.5%，可溶性固形物含量和可溶性糖含量均服从正态分布，概率值P分别达0.6241和0.6298，pH、可滴定酸含量、固酸比和糖酸比均呈偏态分布。（2）pH、固酸比和糖酸比均与可滴定酸含量呈极显著负相关，相关系数分别为-0.8810、-0.8117和-0.8116；pH与固酸比和糖酸比间、可溶性糖含量与可溶性固形物含量间、糖酸比与固酸比均呈极显著正相关，相关系数分别为0.8650、0.8507、0.8794和0.9959。（3）pH与可滴定酸含量存在极显著的对数函数变化趋势，其决定系数R²为0.8522，可溶性固形物含量与可溶性糖含量、糖酸比与固酸比均存在极显著的线性变化趋势，相关系数R分别为0.8793和0.9959；固酸比和糖酸比均与可滴定酸含量存在极显著的幂函数变化趋势，其决定系数R²分别为0.9590和0.9638。（4）研究的6项苹果风味指标中，除可滴定酸含量外，其余5项指标均存在关于其他5项指标的多元线性模型，各方程的决定系数R²均接近或超过0.9，甚至接近1，且拟合精度和预测精度极高，平均拟合误差仅为1.88%—2.74%，平均预测误差仅为1.83%—2.59%，能够用于相应指标的准确预测；可滴定酸含量的回归方程决定系数R²仅为0.8122，且平均预测误差和平均拟合误差均在20%左右，拟合精度与预测精度均较低，不能用于可滴定酸含量的准确预测。（5）确定苹果风味评价指标由可滴定酸含量、可溶性固形物和固酸比（分别代表酸味指标、甜味指标和综合风味指标）构成，利用该3项指标可将132个苹果样品分为甜、酸甜、酸甜适度、甜酸和酸5类。【结论】苹果风味评价指标以可滴定酸含量、可溶性糖含量和固酸比为宜，所筛选出的3项指标可用于苹果风味的科学评价与分类。

关键词: 苹果, 风味, 评价指标, 聚类分析, 因子分析, 回归分析

Abstract: 【Objective】 The aim of this study is to screen scientific evaluation indexes for apple taste. 【Method】 Six indexes of 132 apple samples were determined, including pH determined by acidity meter, total soluble solid (TSS) determined by brix meter, soluble sugar (SS) determined with the fehling reagent titration, titratable acidity (TA) determined with the indicator titration method, the taste of each sample was determined by tasting, the ratio of total soluble solid to titratable acidity (RTT), and the ratio of soluble sugar to titratable acidity (RST). Statistical methods (such as level analysis，regression analysis, cluster analysis, and factor analysis) were used to clarify the level of each index and its distribution, to clarify the variation tendency between indexes and the quantitative relationships between/among indexes, and to screen appropriate indexes for evaluating and classifing apple taste. 【Result】 The variances of three indexes (pH, TSS and SS) were all small, with the variable coefficient of 8.5%, 10.7% and 10.6%, respectively, while the variances of other three indexes (TA, RTT, and RST) were all big, with the variable coefficient of 45.1%, 64.9% and 66.5%. Both TSS and SS distributed normally, with the probability values of 0.6241 and 0.6298. pH, TA, RTT and RST distributed unnormally. pH, RTT and RST all had a significant negative correlation with TA, with the correlation coefficient of -0.8810, -0.8117 and -0.8116. Both RTT and RST had a significant positive correlation with pH, so did SS with TSS, and RST with RTT. pH had a significant logarithmic-function concerning TA with a determination coefficient of 0.8522. Between TSS and SS, as well as between RTT and RST, there was a significant linear function. RTT as well as RST had a significant power function concerning TA. Each of the six indexes mentioned above, except TA (with low fitting precision and low prediction accuracy), had a multivariate linear model concerning the other five indexes with the mean fitting error of 1.88%-2.74% and the mean prediction error of 1.83%-2.59%. From the six indexes studied, TA, TSS and RTT were screened as evaluation indexes of apple taste, which represented sour index, sweet index and comprehensive taste index, respectively. With use of these indexes, 132 apple samples can be divided into five classes that were sweet, sour-sweet, sweet-sour moderately, sweet-sour, and sour. 【Conclusion】 Apple taste can be scientifically evaluated and classified by three indexes, including TSS, TA and RTT.

Key words: apple, taste, evaluation index, cluster analysis, factor analysis, regression analysis

郑丽静，聂继云，李明强，康艳玲，匡立学，叶孟亮. 苹果风味评价指标的筛选研究[J]. 中国农业科学, 2015, 48(14): 2796-2805.

ZHENG Li-jing，NIE Ji-yun，LI Ming-qiang，KANG Yan-ling，KUANG Li-xue，YE Meng-liang. Study on Screening of Taste Evaluation Indexes for Apple[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2015, 48(14): 2796-2805.

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