长期施肥对洞庭湖双季稻区水稻土有机碳、氮积累及其活性的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2015.03.09

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 【目的】土壤有机质及其活性是评价土壤肥力的重要指标，研究洞庭湖区典型双季稻轮作水稻土总有机碳、全氮积累及其活性对长期不同施肥的响应特征，为稻田施肥管理和土壤培肥提供科学依据。【方法】依托国家稻田土壤肥力与施肥效应长期试验平台，以不施肥处理（CK）为对照，研究农户习惯施氮磷钾化肥（CF）、施氮钾化肥（NK）、均衡施氮磷钾化肥（NPK）、低量有机肥与氮磷钾化肥配施（LOM，有机肥氮比例为30%）、高量有机肥与氮磷钾化肥配施（HOM，有机肥氮比例为60%）影响下0—20和20—40 cm土层土壤总有机碳（TOC）、全氮（TN）含量及储量积累效应、有机碳氮活性组分含量及其比例的变化特征。【结果】26年不施肥0—20 cm土层土壤TOC含量基本稳定，仅较原始土壤增加0.64 g·kg^-1，持续植稻可能是其保持稳定的重要原因。两土层土壤TOC、TN含量在长期不同施肥后均有显著增加（P＜0.05），但其储量仅仅在均衡施氮磷钾化肥特别是与有机肥配施后显著提升（P＜0.05）。0—40 cm土层土壤微生物量碳（MBC）、微生物量氮（MBN）、溶解性有机碳（DOC）、溶解性有机氮（DON）含量变幅分别为64.54—708.76、22.92—92.25、39.06—63.24、10.76—31.87 mg·kg^-1，均随土层加深而下降。施肥后0—20 cm土层土壤MBC、MBN、DOC、DON含量提高34.1%-81.8%、56.1%—134.4%、23.5%—42.0%、20.3%—83.2%，20—40 cm土层则分别提高-3.8%—38.1%、32.5%—78.2%、8.2%—37.5%、9.3%—56.8%，施肥对相同土层土壤MBC、MBN、DOC、DON含量的增加效应均表现出氮磷钾化肥配施有机肥明显优于化肥单施的处理效应，但不同化肥处理间0—20 cm土层土壤微生物量碳氮、溶解性有机碳氮含量差异不显著（P＞0.05）。随土层加深，土壤MBC/TOC、MBN/TN、DON/TN数值显著降低，而DOC/TOC值则有所增加。长期不同施肥有利于提升土壤总有机碳、全氮中活性组分比例，且以氮磷钾化肥配施有机肥处理效果最佳，其两土层土壤总有机碳、全氮中各活性碳氮组分的分配比例均较CK处理显著提高（P＜0.05），且该效应随有机肥用量增加而增强。土壤MBC、MBN、DOC、DON两两之间及与土壤总有机碳、全氮、容重、pH具有显著或极显著相关性，与碳氮比、粘粒含量的相关关系不显著，但总体以土壤微生物量碳氮所获相关系数高于溶解性有机碳氮。施肥明显提高早、晚稻产量，两土层MBC、MBN、DOC、DON均与周年水稻产量呈现正相关性，但相关系数总体上随土层加深而明显降低（P＜0.05）。【结论】在洞庭湖双季稻区，长期不同施肥后，相同类型土壤活性有机质组分中活性氮组分含量增加较活性碳组分更明显，氮磷钾化肥配施有机肥能显著提高0—40 cm土层土壤有机碳、氮活性，更有利于土壤总有机碳氮积累及生产力提升，土壤微生物量碳氮可更敏感地预测长期施肥影响下土壤质量的变化。

关键词: 长期施肥, 双季稻田, 有机碳, 全氮, 活性有机碳, 活性有机氮

Abstract: 【Objective】Soil organic matter and its activity are essential indexes for assessing soil fertility, so the responses of total organic carbon (TOC) and nitrogen (TN) accumulation and its activity to various long-term fertilization in a double cropping rice soil were studied in Dongting Lake region, China, which can provide a scientific basis for improving fertilization management and soil fertility in paddy soils. 【Method】Based on a national experimental platform which was arranged in the Hanshou county, Hunan province, test samples in the surface (0-20 cm) and subsurface (20-40 cm) of a paddy soil after 26 years of fertilization treatments were collected and SOC, TN content and storage were measured, as well as soil microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and nitrogen (MBN), dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and nitrogen (DON) contents were also analyzed. The experiment included six treatments: (1) CK, unfertilized control; (2) CF, farmers’ practice of applying chemical fertilizer NPK; (3) NK, application of chemical fertilizer NK; (4) NPK, balanced application of chemical fertilizer NPK; (5) LOM, combined application of chemical fertilizer NPK and 30% organic fertilizer; (6) HOM, combined application of chemical fertilizer NPK and 60% organic fertilizer. 【Result】The content of TOC at 0-20 cm soil layer changed slightly when no fertilizer applied for 26 years and its value only increased by 0.64 g·kg^-1 throughout the period, suggesting that long-term cropping rice was beneficial to TOC sequestration. After long-term application of chemical or organic fertilizer, the content of TOC and TN in two soil layers increased significantly (P＜0.05), however, their storage significantly (P＜0.05) enhanced only by balancing NPK chemical fertilizer application or applying organic fertilizer. For all the treatments, the content of MBC, MBN, DOC and DON declined with the soil layer deepened, and its variation amplitudes at 0-40 cm layer were 64.54-708.76, 22.92-92.25, 39.06-63.24, and 10.76-31.87 mg?kg^-1, respectively. Compared to the CK treatment, the contents of soil MBC, MBN, DOC, and DON at 0-20 cm layer in fertilized treatments increased by 34.1%-81.8%, 56.1%-134.4%, 23.5%-42.0%, and 20.3%-83.2%, respectively, while at 20-40 cm layer they increased by -3.8%-38.1%, 32.5%-78.2%, 8.2%-37.5%, and 9.3%-56.8%, respectively. It also showed that the contents of each labile organic C and N fraction at the same soil layer in all the chemical fertilizer application treatments were much smaller than that in LOM and HOM treatments. However, the contents of all labile organic C and N fractions at 0-20 cm layer were insignificant (P＞0.05) among the CF, NK and NPK treatments. With the deepening of soil, the proportion of labile organic N fractions to TN and microbial quotient decreased, but the proportion of DOC to TOC increased. No matter which soil layer was concerned, the MBC/TOC, DOC/TOC, MBN/TN and DON/TN ratios in soil increased when fertilization was adopted, and the effect was significant (P＜0.05) when combined application of chemical fertilizer NPK and organic fertilizer and HOM treatment presented the best result. The soil MBC, MBN, DOC and DON contents in different treatments were significantly correlated to each other and presented a significant (P＜0.05) correlation with soil TOC, TN, bulk density and pH, but weakly (P＞0.05) correlated with C/N ratio and clay content. On the whole, the correlation coefficients obtained by MBC and MBN were higher than that of DOC and DON. Long-term fertilization significantly (P＜0.05) increased the early and late rice yields, the contents of all organic C and N labile fractions in two soil layers were positively correlated with annual rice yields, and with the deepening of soil, the correlation coefficients generally decreased (P＜0.05). 【Conclusion】 In the double cropping rice region of Dongting Lake, as to the same type of soil organic matter component, the content of labile N fraction in fertilized treatments presented a more obvious increasing effect than that of C fraction. Combined application of chemical fertilizer NPK and organic fertilizer, the activity of TOC and TN in two soil layers was significantly increased compared to the unfertilized control, which was the most effective practice for improving the accumulation of soil TOC and TN at 0-40 cm layers as well as the soil productivity. Soil MBC and MBN were more sensitive to predicting the change of soil quality after long-term different fertilizations.

Key words: long term fertilization, double cropping paddy field, organic carbon, total nitrogen, labile organic carbon, labile organic nitrogen

李文军，彭保发，杨奇勇. 长期施肥对洞庭湖双季稻区水稻土有机碳、氮积累及其活性的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2015, 48(3): 488-500.

LI Wen-jun, PENG Bao-fa, YANG Qi-yong. Effects of Long-Term Fertilization on Organic Carbon and Nitrogen Accumulation and Activity in a Paddy Soil in Double Cropping Rice Area in Dongting Lake of China[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2015, 48(3): 488-500.

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