长期施肥对植烟土壤养分及微生物群落结构的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2014.17.010

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 【目的】了解施肥与土壤培肥和作物真菌病害的关系，为烤烟科学施肥、保持农业生产的长期可持续发展积累资料。【方法】利用云南省烟草农业科学研究院的长期肥料定位试验，设置长期不施肥（CK）、纯施化肥（CF）和有机无机肥配施（MCF）等处理，采用常规分析方法测定磷脂脂肪酸（PLFAs）和454高通量测序技术，分别就施肥对植烟土壤有机质、养分和微生物群落结构的影响进行分析。【结果】经16年长期施肥后，MCF使土壤有机质提高19.63%，有效磷增加；CF降低土壤有机质20.56%，碱解氮和有效钾减少。施肥显著增加微生物标记性磷脂脂肪酸（PLFAs）的种类和总量，尤以MCF最为显著，说明施肥尤其是MCF显著提高了土壤中微生物种群和数量。但是，在CF处理的土壤中，异养性微生物??真菌的PLFAs占微生物总量的比例是MCF的2.52倍，真菌种群数（OTUs）比MCF提高25.91%，真菌群落的多样性、均匀度和优势度指数也显著高于CK和MCF，说明施用化肥改变了土壤生态环境，有益于真菌生长繁殖，使真菌种群增加，密度增大，优势种群突出，导致土壤真菌化。土壤真菌群落由子囊菌门、担子菌门、接合菌门、壶菌门和尚待鉴定的真菌等构成，子囊菌门占绝大多数。前20种优势菌株的丰富度高达33.01%—49.28%，其中CK和MCF有15种相同，CK和CF仅6种一致。【结论】长期持续施用化肥可提高作物真菌病害的发生几率，降低土壤有机质；土壤特性是影响真菌种群的重要因素之一，MCF对土壤优势真菌的影响较小，而CF显著改变了土壤真菌的种群结构。

关键词: 长期施肥 , 土壤养分 , 土壤微生物 , 烤烟

Abstract: 【Objective】 Nutrients and microbes are the two most important indicators for soil fertility and productivity. The aim of the experiment is to study the relationship between fertilizer application for high soil fertility and fungal disease of crops so the lands can be used sustainably. A long-term fertilizer location experiment of tobacco was carried out in Yunnan Tobacco Agriculture Research Institute. Soil samples were analyzed for understanding the relationship between fertilization method, soil fertility and crop fungus diseases, scientific fertilization for flue-cured tobacco, maintenance of long-term sustainable development of agricultural production can be realized. 【Method】 The influences of long-term fertilization on organic matter (OM), nutrients and microbial community structure were studied by routine analysis of phosphorus lipid fatty acids (PLFAs), and 454 pyrosequencing with a 16-year tobacco grown field trial. The experimental treatments included blank control (without fertilizers, CK), chemical fertilizer (CF), and mixture of organic manure plus chemical fertilizer (MCF). 【Result】 After 16 years of fertilization, OM increased by 19.63% and available phosphorus increased in MCF treatment, while in CF OM decreased by 20.56% and alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen and potassium decreased in soil. Fertilization, particularly MCF, also increased the type and total amount of PLFAs, indicating the increment of microbial groups and numbers. In CF treatment, however, the PLFAs proportion of fungi, the heterotrophic microbes, was 2.52 folds compared with MCF and fungal groups (optimizing taxon units, OTUs) were increased by 25.91% compared with MCF. The diversity, evenness and predominance indexes showed a similar trend of that of fungal proportion and groups. The results suggested the changes in soil ecosystem environment by CF that was beneficial to fungal reproduction and growth, resulted in more fungal groups, high intensity, and obvious predominance. In soil fungus community, all of the fungi belonged to Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, Zygomycota, Chytridiomycota, and unidentified groups and most of them were Ascomycota. The abundance of the top 20 predominant fungi accounted for 33.01%-49.28%. Among them, 15 types existed simultaneously in soil in the treatments of MCF and CK, but only 6 in CF and CK. 【Conclusion】Therefore, a long-term chemical fertilization could be the reason for high fungal disease occurrence of crop but low organic matter in soil. Soil characteristics was one of the important factors for determining fungal communities, which could be changed slightly by MCF but greatly by CF for a long time.

Key words: long-term fertilization , soil nutrients , soil microbes , flue-cured tobacco

陈丹梅1;段玉琪2;杨宇虹2;晋艳2;黄建国1;袁玲1. 长期施肥对植烟土壤养分及微生物群落结构的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2014, 47(17): 3424-3433.

CHEN Dan-mei; DUAN Yu-qi; YANG Yu-hong; JIN Yan; HUANG Jian-guo; YUAN Ling. ffects of Long-Term Fertilization on Flue-Cured Tobacco Soil Nutrients and Microorganisms Community Structure[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2014, 47(17): 3424-3433.

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