中国氮肥发展、贡献和挑战

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2013.15.010

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 【目的】氮素是生命活动的必需元素，也是生态系统变化的主要因子。定量氮素的来源和贡献，并确定未来的发展方向是协调中国资源、环境与粮食安全的重要内容。【方法】通过食物链模型分析中国陆地生态系统中氮素来源的构成、特点和变化，以及氮素投入变化对农业生产、人体营养改善的贡献，并通过国内外综合比较提出了未来中国氮素管理的重点方向。【结果】中国已是世界上最大的氮肥生产和消费国，对近二十年全球氮肥产用量增长的贡献达61%和52%。氮肥已占中国陆地生态系统氮素输入量的72%，中国人蛋白质消费量中有56%来自于氮肥，氮肥等新技术的增产作用相当于将人均耕地面积从0.08 hm2提高到了0.52 hm2，扩大了6.5倍，这是中国以全球10%的土地资源、21%的灌溉面积养活20%的人口并不断提高生活水平的关键。但目前中国氮肥生产量超过了消费量、而消费量超过作物最高产量需求量，农业系统中的氮肥盈余量已经达到175 kg•hm-2，成为环境污染因子。【结论】中国需要尽快转变发展方式，从鼓励施肥转向控制施肥，以同时实现增产和环保；从满足化肥供应数量转向提高质量，加强节能和产品优化工作；从单一促进农业管理转向能源、农业和环境管理的同步。

关键词: 氮肥 , 贡献 , 挑战

Abstract: 【Objective】Nitrogen is essential to human life, environment quality and ecosystem sustainability; Chemical fertilizer is becoming a dominant source of human’s nitrogen supply, therefore, its role and development strategy are core issues for China’s sustainability. 【Method】This study analyzed the sources of nitrogen in ecosystem, its contribution to crop production and protein production, and nitrogen balance through food chain model. Finally, This study drafted a strategy for nitrogen fertilizer development from fertilizer production to field consumption. 【Result】After half a century development, China’s nitrogen fertilizer production and consumption have both ranked the first in the world since 1991, and in the past two decades (1990-2009) 61% of the world’s increase of nitrogen production and 52% of the world’s increase of nitrogen consumption occurred in China. Results of this study show that 72% of nitrogen in terrestrial ecosystem, and about 56% of human protein consumption come from nitrogen fertilizer. According to its role in crop yield improvement, a kilogram of nitrogen fertilizer is equivalent to 0.016 hm2 cultivated land, and per capita cultivated land area increased by 6.5-fold through technologies innovation including N fertilizer between 1960 and 2009. This is why China survived 20% of world’s population by using 10% of world’s land and 21% of world’s irrigated area. Currently, China’s nitrogen fertilizer production exceeds its consumption, and nitrogen fertilizer application rate exceeds crop demand for maximum yield. The nitrogen surplus in agro-ecosystem is more than 175 kg•hm-2, which has been a main factor of environmental pollution. 【Conclusion】Therefore, nitrogen fertilizer management has to be transformed from solely high yield to both high yield and high resources use efficiency. The strategy is to balance nitrogen input and output in crop land, to update fertilizer products, to improve energy use efficiency in fertilizer production.

Key words: nitrogen , contribution , challenge

张卫峰, 马林, 黄高强, 武良, 陈新平, 张福锁. 中国氮肥发展、贡献和挑战[J]. 中国农业科学, 2013, 46(15): 3161-3171.

ZHANG Wei-Feng, MA Lin, HUANG Gao-Qiang, WU Liang, CHEN Xin-Ping, ZHANG Fu-Suo. The Development and Contribution of Nitrogenous Fertilizer in China and Challenges Faced by the Country[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2013, 46(15): 3161-3171.

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https://www.chinaagrisci.com/CN/Y2013/V46/I15/3161

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