华北地区冬小麦-夏玉米轮作节水体系周年水分利用特征

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2012.19.013

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 【目的】定量研究华北地区冬小麦-夏玉米轮作节水体系的水分周年利用特征。【方法】在大田条件下，通过在小麦季设不灌水（W0）、拔节水（W1）、拔节水+扬花水（W2）和起身水+孕穗水+扬花水+灌浆水（W4）4个水分处理，进行了两个周期的研究。【结果】（1）小麦产量和周年最高产量两年分别在节水灌溉处理W1和W2获得，玉米产量在不同处理间无显著差异。小麦水分利用效率（WUE）与产量的表现相似，玉米WUE显著高于小麦，并随灌水量的增加显著降低；周年WUE则在W0或W1处理最高，而后随灌水量的增加显著降低。（2）W4处理的2 m土体土壤水分含量在各个阶段没有明显变化，其它处理则随小麦生育进程而不断降低（即土壤水分库容不断变大），且灌水次数越少降幅越大，至小麦收获期达到最低点；到玉米拔节期，由于降雨补充所有处理的土壤含水量趋于一致，相应地，2 m土体接纳汛期降雨分别为178—188 mm（W0）、124—160 mm（W1）、38—93 mm（W2）和-30—21 mm（W4）。（3）随灌水量增加，作物耗水强度和季节蒸散量变大；玉米拔节期后，作物耗水特性与土壤水分变化无差异。（4）降雨致使出现水分的深层渗漏，丰水年和平水年分别为163 mm（W0、W1）、181 mm（W2）、253 mm（W4）和13 mm（W0、W1、W2）、45 mm（W4），丰水年小麦季W4处理也有54 mm水分深层渗漏。丰水年W0和W1处理实现了127 mm和57 mm对地下水的净回补。【结论】小麦节水栽培显著减少了对地下水的开采，大幅提高了降雨的利用效率，可实现作物对水资源的高效利用和丰水年降雨对地下水的净回补。丰水年W1处理或平水年W2处理有利于水分高效利用与高产的统一，对于华北地区农业的可持续发展具有重要意义。

关键词: 冬小麦-夏玉米轮作, 水分周年利用特性, 土壤水分库容, 降雨利用, 农田水分平衡

Abstract: 【Objective】The objective of this experiment is to quantitatively study the characteristics of annual water utilization in winter wheat-summer maize rotation system in North China Plain.【Method】The experiment with four water treatments applied in wheat growing season including no irrigation (W0), irrigation at jointing (W1), irrigation at both jointing and anthesis (W2), and irrigation at regreening, booting, anthesis and grain filling (W4) was conducted for two continuous rotation cycles in 2008-2010 under field conditions.【Result】The highest yield of wheat and annual crops (wheat plus maize) were obtained in W1 and W2, respectively, and no significant differences were found in the yield of following maize. Water use efficiency (WUE) of wheat had a similar performance to its yield. The WUE of maize was significantly higher than that of wheat, and decreased significantly with the increase of irrigation amount. The highest annual WUE was obtained in W0 or W1, and then decreased significantly with the increase of irrigation amount. There was no significant difference in soil water storage of 2 m depth soil body in the treatment of W4 at different stages of wheat and maize. However, the soil water content reduced continuously following wheat growth in the other water treatments, and the less of irrigation amount, the bigger of decreasing range of soil water content, and it reached the lowest point at wheat harvest stage. At maize jointing stage, there was no difference in soil water content among all of the water treatments because of precipitation, and correspondingly, 178-188 mm (W0), 124-160 mm (W1), 38-93 mm (W2), and -30-21 mm (W4) rainfall were stored in 2 m depth soil body, respectively. Crop water consumption intensity and seasonal evapotranspiration (SET) increased as irrigation amount increased. There were no differences in the characteristics of water consumption and soil water content among all of water treatments after maize jointing stage. Drainage occurred because of precipitation, 163 mm (W0, W1), 181 mm (W2), and 217 mm (W4) in wet year and 13 mm (W0, W1, W2), and 45 mm (W4) in normal year were determined. There were 127 mm (W0) and 57 mm (W1) water entered groundwater in wet year.【Conclusion】Water-saving cultivation in wheat reduces the exploitation of groundwater obviously, and the use efficiency of rainfall is enhanced significantly, as a result, higher annual WUE and supplementary on groundwater by rainfall in wet year are implemented, so the practice of W1 in wet year and W2 in normal year is benefit to the combination of higher WUE and high-yielding, and it is very important to the sustainable development in agriculture in North China Plain.

Key words: winter wheat-summer maize rotation, annual characteristics of water utilization, water storage capacity in soil, precipitation utilization, farmland water balance

秦欣, 刘克, 周丽丽, 周顺利, 鲁来清, 王润政. 华北地区冬小麦-夏玉米轮作节水体系周年水分利用特征[J]. 中国农业科学, 2012, 45(19): 4014-4024.

QIN Xin, LIU Ke, ZHOU Li-Li, ZHOU Shun-Li, LU Lai-Qing, WANG Run-Zheng. Characteristics of Annual Water Utilization in Winter Wheat- Summer Maize Rotation System in North China Plain[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2012, 45(19): 4014-4024.

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