Please wait a minute...
Journal of Integrative Agriculture  2018, Vol. 17 Issue (10): 2182-2195    DOI: 10.1016/S2095-3119(18)62018-0
Special Focus: Beneficial roles silicon plays in agriculture Advanced Online Publication | Current Issue | Archive | Adv Search |
Impacts of silicon on biogeochemical cycles of carbon and nutrients in croplands
LI Zi-chuan1, SONG Zhao-liang1, YANG Xiao-min1, SONG A-lin2, YU Chang-xun3, WANG Tao4, XIA Shao-pan1, LIANG Yong-chao5
1 Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P.R.China
2 Key Laboratory of Crop Nutrition and Fertilization, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, P.R.China
3 Department of Biology and Environmental Science, Linnaeus University, 39182 Kalmar, Sweden
4 Microbial Ecology Group, Department of Biology, Lund University, 223 62 Lund, Sweden
5 Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Education/College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P.R.China
Download:  PDF (1235KB) ( )  
Export:  BibTeX | EndNote (RIS)      
Abstract  
Crop harvesting and residue removal from croplands often result in imbalanced biogeochemical cycles of carbon and nutrients in croplands, putting forward an austere challenge to sustainable agricultural production.  As a beneficial element, silicon (Si) has multiple eco-physiological functions, which could help crops to acclimatize their unfavorable habitats.  Although many studies have reported that the application of Si can alleviate multiple abiotic and biotic stresses and increase biomass accumulation, the effects of Si on carbon immobilization and nutrients uptake into plants in croplands have not yet been explored.  This review focused on Si-associated regulation of plant carbon accumulation, lignin biosynthesis, and nutrients uptake, which are important for biogeochemical cycles of carbon and nutrients in croplands.  The tradeoff analysis indicates that the supply of bioavailable Si can enhance plant net photosynthetic rate and biomass carbon production (especially root biomass input to soil organic carbon pool), but reduce shoot lignin biosynthesis.  Besides, the application of Si could improve uptake of most nutrients under deficient conditions, but restricts excess uptake when they are supplied in surplus amounts.  Nevertheless, Si application to crops may enhance the uptake of nitrogen and iron when they are supplied in deficient to luxurious amounts, while potassium uptake enhanced by Si application is often involved in alleviating salt stress and inhibiting excess sodium uptake in plants.  More importantly, the amount of Si accumulated in plant positively correlates with nutrients release during the decay of crop biomass, but negatively correlates with straw decomposability due to the reduced lignin synthesis.  The Si-mediated plant growth and litter decomposition collectively suggest that Si cycling in croplands plays important roles in biogeochemical cycles of carbon and nutrients.  Hence, scientific Si management in croplands will be helpful for maintaining sustainable development of agriculture.
 
Keywords:  silicon        cropland        biogeochemical cycle        biomass carbon        nutrient  
Received: 16 March 2018   Accepted:
Fund: We acknowledge the supports from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (41522207, 41571130042, 31572191 and 31772387) and the National Key R&D Program of China (2016YFA0601002).
Corresponding Authors:  Correspondence SONG Zhao-liang, Mobile: +86-15202264081, E-mail: songzhaoliang78@163.com; LIANG Yong-chao, E-mail: ycliang@zju.edu.cn   

Cite this article: 

LI Zi-chuan, SONG Zhao-liang, YANG Xiao-min, SONG A-lin, YU Chang-xun, WANG Tao, XIA Shaopan, LIANG Yong-chao. 2018. Impacts of silicon on biogeochemical cycles of carbon and nutrients in croplands. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 17(10): 2182-2195.

Adrees M, Ali S, Rizwan M, Rehman M Z, Ibrahim M, Abbas F, Farid M, Qayyum M F, Irshad M K. 2015. Mechanisms of silicon-mediated alleviation of heavy metal toxicity in plants: A review. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 119, 186–197.
Ali S, Rizwan M, Ullah N, Bharwana S A, Waseem M, Farooq M A, Abbasi G H, Farid M. 2016. Physiological and biochemical mechanisms of silicon-induced copper stress tolerance in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). Acta Physiologiae Plantarum, 38, 262.
Anderson D L. 2007. The hard rock café. In: New Theory of the Earth. 2nd ed. Cambridge University Press, New York. pp. 189–197.
Anderson D L. 1991. Soil and leaf nutrient interactions following application of calcium silicate slag to sugarcane. Fertilizer Research, 30, 9–18.
Ashfaque F, Inam A, Iqbal S, Sahay S. 2017. Response of silicon on metal accumulation, photosynthetic inhibition and oxidative stress in chromium-induced mustard (Brassica juncea L.). South African Journal of Botany, 111, 153–160.
Ashraf M, Rahmatullah F, Afzal M, Ahmed R, Mujeeb F, Sarwar A, Ali L. 2010. Alleviation of detrimental effects of NaCl by silicon nutrition in salt-sensitive and salt-tolerant genotypes of sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.). Plant and Soil, 326, 381–391.
Barreto R, Júnior A, Maggio M A, Prado R, 2017. Silicon alleviates ammonium toxicity in cauliflower and in broccoli. Scientia Horticulturae, 225, 743–750.
Bartoli F. 1985. Crystallochemistry and surface properties of biogenic opal. European Journal of Soil Science, 36, 335–350.
Bityutskii N, Kaidun P, Yakkonen K. 2016. Earthworms can increase mobility and bioavailability of silicon in soil. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 99, 47–53.
Broadley M, Brown P, Cakmak I, Ma JF, Rengel Z, Zhao F J. 2012. Beneficial elements. In: Marschner P, ed., Marschner’s Mineral Nutrition of Higher Plants. 3rd ed. Science Press, Beijing. pp. 249–269.
Canellas L P, Busato J G, Dobbss L B, Baldotto M A, Rumjanek V M, Oli F L. 2010. Soil organic matter and nutrient pools under long-term non-burning management of sugar cane. European Journal of Soil Science, 61, 375–383.
Cartes P, Cea M, Jara A, Violante A, Mora M L. 2015. Description of mutual interactions between silicon and phosphorus in Andisols by mathematical and mechanistic models. Chemosphere, 131, 164–170.
Chen D Q, Cao B B, Wang S W, Liu P, Deng X P, Yin L N, Zhang S Q. 2016. Silicon moderated the K deficiency by improving the plant-water status in sorghum. Scientific Report, 6, 22882.
Chen W, Yao X Q, Cai K Z, Chen J N. 2011. Silicon alleviates drought stress of rice plants by improving plant water status, photosynthesis and mineral nutrient absorption. Biological Trace Element Research, 142, 67–76.
Conley D J. 2002. Terrestrial ecosystems and the global biogeochemical silica cycle. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 16, 1121–1129.
Cooke J, Leishman R M. 2016. Consistent alleviation of abiotic stress with silicon addition: A meta-analysis. Functional Ecology, 30, 1340–1357.
Cornelis J T, Delvaux B. 2016. Soil processes drive the biological silicon feedback loop. Functional Ecology, 30, 1298–1310.
Deren C W. 1997. Changes in nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations of silicon-fertilized rice grown on organic soil. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 20, 765–771.
Detmann K C, Araújo W L, Martins S C V, Sanglard L M V P, Reis J V, Detmann E, Rodrigues F, Nunes-Nesi A, Fernie A R, DaMatta F M. 2012. Silicon nutrition increases grain yield, which, in turn, exerts a feed-forward stimulation of photosynthetic rates via enhanced mesophyll conductance and alters primary metabolism in rice. New Phytologist, 196, 752–762.
Epstein E. 1994. The anomaly of silicon in plant biology. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 91, 11–17.
Epstein E. 1999. Silicon. Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology, 50, 641–664.
Etesami H, Jeong B R. 2018. Silicon (Si): Review and future prospects on the action mechanisms in alleviating biotic and abiotic stresses in plants. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 147, 881–896.
Exley C. 1998. Silicon in life: A bioinorganic solution to bioorganic essentiality. Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry, 69, 139–144.
Farmer V C. 2005. Forest vegetation does recycle substantial amounts of silicon from and back to the soil solution with phytoliths as an intermediate phase, contrary to recent reports. European Journal of Soil Science, 56, 271–272.
Gao D, Cai K Z, Chen J N, Luo S M, Zeng R S, Yang J Y, Zhu X Y. 2011. Silicon enhances photochemical efficiency and adjusts mineral nutrient absorption in Magnaporthe oryzae infected rice plants. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum, 33, 675–682.
Gastal F, Lemaire G. 2002. N uptake and distribution in crops: An agronomical and ecophysiological perspective. Journal of Experimental Botany, 53, 789–799.
Gong H J, Randall D P, Flowers TJ. 2006. Silicon deposition in the root reduces sodium uptake in rice seedlings by reducing bypass flow. Plant Cell and Environment, 111, 1–9.
Gonzalo M J, Lucena J J, Hernández-Apaolaza L. 2013. Effect of silicon addition on soybean (Glycine max) and cucumber (Cucumis sativus) plants grown under iron deficiency. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 70, 455–461.
Guo B, Lou Y S, Liang Y C, Zhang J, Hua H X, Xi Y L. 2004. Effects of nitrogen and silicon applications on the growth and yield of rice and soil fertility. Chinese Journal of Ecology, 23, 33–36. (in Chinese)
Hajiboland R, Bahrami-Rad S, Poschenrieder C. 2017. Silicon modifies both a local response and a systemic response to mechanical stress in tobacco leaves. Biologia Plantarum, 61, 187−19.
Hashemi A, Abdolzadeh A, Sadeghipour H R. 2010. Beneficial effects of silicon nutrition in alleviating salinity stress in hydroponically grown canola, Brassica napus L. plants. Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 56, 244–253.
Haynes R J. 2017. The nature of biogenic Si and its potential role in Si supply in agricultural soils. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 245, 100–111.
Horst W J, Marschner H. 1978. Effect of silicon on manganese tolerance of bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Plant and Soil, 50, 287–303.
Hu A Y, Che J, Shao J F, Yokosho K, Zhao X Q, Shen R F, Ma J F. 2017. Silicon accumulated in the shoots results in down-regulation of phosphorus transporter gene expression and decrease of phosphorus uptake in rice. Plant and Soil, 423, 317–325.
Hua K K, Zhang W J, Guo Z B, Wang D Z, Oenema O. 2016. Evaluating crop response and environmental impact of the accumulation of phosphorus due to long-term manuring of vertisol soil in northern China. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 219, 101–110.
Huber D, Romheld V, Weimann M. 2012. Relationship between nutrition, plant diseases and pests. In: Marschner P, ed., Marschner’s Mineral Nutrition of Higher Plants. 3rd ed. Science Press, Beijing. pp. 283–298.
Idris M, Hossain M M, Choudhury F A. 1975. The effect of silicon on lodging of rice in presence of added nitrogen. Plant and Soil, 43, 691–695.
IPCC. 2013. Climate change 2013. In: Stocker T F, Qin D, Plattner G K, Tignor M,  Allen S K, Boschung J, Nauels A, Xia Y, Bex V, Midgley P M, eds., The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to The Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge and New York.
Islam A, Saha R C. 1969. Effect of silicon on the chemical composition of rice plants. Plant and Soil, 30, 446–458.
Jafari H J. 2013. Relationship between root biomass and soil organic carbon: Case study of arid shrub lands of Semnan Province. Desert, 18, 173–176.
Kang J J, Zhao W Z, Zhu X. 2016. Silicon improves photosynthesis and strengthens enzyme activities in the C3 succulent xerophyte Zygophyllum xanthoxylum under drought stress. Journal of Plant Physiology, 199, 76–86.
Kaya C, Tuna L, Higgs D. 2006. Effect of silicon on plant growth and mineral nutrition of maize grown under water-stress conditions. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 29, 1469–1480.
Klotzbücher T, Klotzbücher A, Kaiser K, Vetterlein D, Jahn R, Mikutta R. 2018. Variable silicon accumulation in plants affects terrestrial carbon cycling by controlling lignin synthesis. Global Change Biology, 24, 183–189.
Klotzbücher T, Marxen A, Jahn R, Vetterlein D. 2016. Silicon cycle in rice paddy fields: Insights provided by relations between silicon forms in topsoils and plant silicon uptake. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, 105, 157–168.
Kostic L, Nikolic N, Bosnic D, Samardzic J, Nikolic M. 2017. Silicon increases phosphorus (P) uptake by wheat under low P acid soil conditions. Plant and Soil, 419, 447–455.
Lal R. 2004. Soil carbon sequestration impacts on global climate change and food security. Science, 304, 1623–1627.
Li Z C, Song Z L, Yan Z F, Hao Q, Song A L, Liu L N, Yang X M, Xia S P, Liang Y C. 2018. Silicon enhancement of estimated plant biomass carbon accumulation under abiotic and biotic stresses. A meta-analysis. Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 38, 26.
Liang Y C, Nikolic M, Bélanger R, Gong G, Song A. 2015. Silicon biogeochemistry and bioavailability in soil. In: Silicon in Agriculture: From Theory to Practice. Springer, Netherlands. pp. 45–68.
Liang Y C, Sun W C, Zhu Y G, Christie P. 2007. Mechanisms of silicon-mediated alleviation of abiotic stresses in higher plants: A review. Environmental Pollution, 147, 422–428.
Liu J G, You L Z, Amini M, Obersteiner M, Herrero M, Zehnder A J B, Yang H. 2010. A high-resolution assessment on global nitrogen flows in cropland. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 107, 8035–8040.
Ma J F, Miyake Y, Takahashi E. 2001. Silicon as a beneficial element for crop plants. In: Datonoff L, Snyder G, Korndorfer G, eds., Silicon in Agriculture. Elsevier Science, New York. pp. 17–39.
Ma J F, Takahashi E. 1990. Effect of silicon on the growth and phosphorus uptake of rice. Plant and Soil, 126, 115–119.
Ma J F, Takahashi E. 2002. Soil, Fertilizer, and Plant Silicon Research in Japan. Elsevier, Amsterdam.
Ma J F. 2004. Role of silicon in enhancing the resistance of plants to biotic and abiotic stresses. Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 50, 11–18.
Ma J F, Yamaji N. 2006. Silicon uptake and accumulation in higher plants. Trends in Plant Science, 11, 392–397.
Marxen A, Klotzbücher T, Jahn R, Kaiser K, Nguyen V S, Schmidt A, Schädler M, Vetterlein D. 2016. Interaction between silicon cycling and straw decomposition in a silicon deficient rice production system. Plant and Soil, 398, 153–163.
Massey P F, Ennos A R, Hartley E S. 2007. Grasses and the resource availability hypothesis: The importance of silica-based defences. Journal of Ecology, 95, 414–424.
Mehrabanjoubani P, Abdolzadeh A, Sadeghipour H R, Aghdasi M. 2015. Silicon affects transcellular and apoplastic uptake of some nutrients in plants. Pedosphere, 25, 192–201.
Monger H C, Kelly E F. 2002. Silica minerals. In: Dixon J B, Schulze D G, eds., Soil Mineralogy with Environmental Applications. Madison, WI, USA. pp. 611–636.
Murozuka E, Laursen K H, Lindedam J, Shield I F, Bruun S, Magid J, Møller I S, Schjoerring J K. 2014. Nitrogen fertilization affects silicon concentration, cell wall composition and biofuel potential of wheat straw. Biomass and Bioenergy, 64, 291–298.
Neu S, Schaller J, Dudel E T. 2017. Silicon availability modifies nutrient use efficiency and content, C:N:P stoichiometry, and productivity of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Scientific Reports, 7, 40829.
Ortega L, Fry S C, Taleisnik E. 2006. Why are Chloris gayana leaves shorter in salt-affected plants? Analyses in the elongation zone. Journal of Experimental Botany, 57, 3945–3952.
Osuna-Canizalez F J, De Datta S K, Bonman J M. 1991. Nitrogen form and silicon nutrition effects on resistance to blast disease of rice. Plant and Soil, 135, 223–231.
Otani T, Ae N. 1996. Phosphorus (P) uptake mechanisms of crops grown in soils with low P status. Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 42, 155–163.
Ouzounidou G, Giannakoula A, Ilias I, Zamanidis P. 2016. Alleviation of drought and salinity stresses on growth, physiology, biochemistry and quality of two Cucumis sativus L. cultivars by Si application. Brazilian Journal of Botany, 39, 531–539.
Pascual M B, Echevarria V, Gonzalo M J, Hernández-Apaolaza L. 2016. Silicon addition to soybean (Glycine max L.) plants alleviate zinc deficiency. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 108, 132–138.
Pavlovic J, Samardzic J, Maksimovi? V, Timotijevic G, Stevic N, Laursen K, Hansen T, Husted S, Schjoerring J, Liang Y C, Nikolic M. 2013. Silicon alleviates iron deficiency in cucumber by promoting mobilization of iron in the root apoplast. New Phytologist, 198, 1096–1107.
Pokrovski S G, Schott J, Farges F, Hazemann J L. 2003. Iron (III)-silica interactions in aqueous solution: Insights from X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 67, 3559–3573.
Rasse D P, Rumpel C, Dignac M-F. 2005. Is soil carbon mostly root carbon? Mechanisms for a specific stabilisation. Plant and Soil, 269, 341–356.
Ren X K, Yin W W, Xu W P, Gao F W, Zhao S. 2012. Influence of different silicon levels on nutrients cumulative dynamic of nitrogen, phosphorus,potassium and silicon of rice plant in Albic soil. Tianjin Agricultural Sciences, 18, 64–66. (in Chinese)
 Savary S, Castilla N P, Elazegui F A, McLaren C G, Ynalvez M A, Teng P S. 1995. Direct and indirect effects of nitrogen supply and disease source structure on rice sheath blight spread. Phytopathology, 85, 959–965.
Sánchez-Aguayo I, Rodrigues-Galán J M, Garcia R, Torreblanca J, Pardo J M. 2004. Salt-stress enhances xylem development and expression of S-adenosyl-L-methionine synthase in lignifying tissues of tomato plants. Planta, 200, 278–285.
Schaller J, Brackhage C, Gessner M O, Bäuker E, Gert Dudel E. 2012. Silicon supply modifies C:N:P stoichiometry and growth of Phragmites australis. Plant Biology, 14, 392–396.
Schaller J, Struyf E. 2013. Silicon controls microbial decay and nutrient release of grass litter during aquatic decomposition. Hydrobiologia, 709, 201–212.
Schlesinger W H. 1991. Biogeochemistry, An Analysis of Global Change. Academic Press, New York, USA.
Schmidt M W I, Torn M S, Abiven S, Dittmar T, Guggenberger G, Janssens I A, Kleber M, Kögel-Knabner I, Lehmann J, Manning D A C, Nannipieri P, Rasse D P, Weiner S, Trumbore S E. 2011. Persistence of soil organic matter as an ecosystem property. Nature, 478, 49−56.
Schoelynck J, Bal K, Backx H, Okruszko T, Meire P, Struyf E. 2010. Silica uptake in aquatic and wetland macrophytes: A strategic choice between silica, lignin and cellulose? New Phytologist, 186, 385–391.
Shen Y Z, Zhang X Y, Chang L F, Qian H B, Zhang H S. 1992. The effect of silicon fertilizer and the interaction of nitrogen and silicon on rice growth in calcareous sandy loam soil. Chinese Journal of Soil Science, 23, 124–126. (in Chinese)
Shi X J, Mao Z Y, Shi X H. 1996. The effect of combined application of silicon, zinc and magnesium on the nutrition of rice. Journal of Southwest Agricultural University, 18, 440–443. (in Chinese)
Shi Y, Wang Y C, Flowers J T, Gong H J. 2013. Silicon decreases chloride transport in rice (Oryza sativa L.) in saline conditions. Journal of Plant Physiology, 170, 847–853.
Silva N O, Lobato A K S, Ávila F W, Costa R C L, Oliveira Neto C F, Santos Filho B G, Martins Filho A P, Lemos R P, Pinho J M, Medeiros M B C L, Cardoso M S, Andrade I P. 2012. Silicon-induced increase in chlorophyll is modulated by the leaf water potential in two water-deficient tomato cultivars. Plant, Soil and Environment, 58, 481–486.
Skjemstad J O, Fitzpatrick R W, Zarcinas B A, Thompson C H. 1992. Genesis of Podzols on coastal dunes in southern Queensland: II. Geochemistry and forms of elements as deduced from various soil extraction procedures. Australian Journal of Soil Research, 30, 615–644.
Sommer M, Kaczorek D, Kuzyakov Y, Breuer J. 2006. Silicon pools and fluxes in soils and landscapes - A review. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science, 169, 310–329.
Song A L, Fan F L, Yin C, Wen S L, Zhang Y L, Fan X P, Liang Y C. 2017. The effects of silicon fertilizer on denitrification potential and associated genes abundance in paddy soil. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 53, 627–638.
Song A L, Li P, Fan F L, Li Z J, Liang Y C. 2014b. The effect of silicon on photosynthesis and expression of its relevant genes in rice (Oryza sativa L.) under high-Zn stress. PLoS ONE, 9, e113782.
Song A L, Xue G F, Cui P Y, Fan F L, Liu H F, Yin C, Sun W C, Liang Y C. 2016a. The role of silicon in enhancing resistance to bacterial blight of hydroponic- and soil-cultured rice. Scientific Reports, 6, 24640.
Song Z L, McGrouther K, Wang H L. 2016b. Occurrence, turnover and carbon sequestration potential of phytoliths in terrestrial ecosystems. Earth-Science Reviews, 158, 19–30.
Song Z L, Müller K, Wang H L. 2014a. Biogeochemical silicon cycle and carbon sequestration in agricultural ecosystems. Earth-Science Reviews, 139, 268–278.
Song Z L, Wang H L, Strong P, Li Z M, Jiang P K. 2012. Plant impact on the coupled terrestrial biogeochemical cycles of silicon and carbon: Implications for biogeochemical carbon sequestration. Earth-Science Reviews, 115, 319–331.
Steinmann P, Shotyk W. 1997. Chemical composition, pH, and redox state of sulfur and iron in complete vertical porewater profiles from two Sphagnum peat bogs, Jura Mountains, Switzerland. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 61, 1143–1163.
Suzuki S, Ma J F, Yamamoto N, Toshiaki U. 2012. Silicon deficiency promotes lignin accumulation in rice. Plant Biotechnology, 29, 391–394.
Tuna A L, Kaya C, Higgs D, Murillo-Amador B, Aydemir S, Girgin R A. 2008. Silicon improves salinity tolerance in wheat plants. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 62, 10–16.
Vandevenne F, Struyf E, Clymans W, Meire P. 2012. Agricultural silica harvest: have humans created a new loop in the global silica cycle? Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 10, 243–248.
Wang Y Y, Wang H, He J S, Feng X J. 2017. Iron-mediated soil carbon response to water-table decline in an alpine wetland. Nature Communication, 8, 15972.
Wu W, Huang J L, Cui K H, Nie L X, Wang Q, Yang F, Shah F, Yao F X, Peng S B. 2012. Sheath blight reduces stem breaking resistance and increases lodging susceptibility of rice plants. Field Crops Research, 128, 101–108.
Yamamoto T, Nakamura A, Iwai H, Ishii T, Ma J F, Yokoyama R, Nishitani K, Satoh S, Furukawa J. 2012. Effect of silicon deficiency on secondary cell wall synthesis in rice leaf. Journal of Plant Research, 125, 771–779.
Zhang J L, Zhu C H, Dou P, Ma X J, Wang X L, Kong F L, Yuan J C. 2017. Effect of phosphorus and silicon application on the uptake and utilization of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium by maize seedlings. Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture, 25, 677?688. (in Chinese)
Zhu Y X, Gong H J. 2014. Beneficial effects of silicon on salt and drought tolerance in plants. Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 34, 455–472.
Zhu Y X, Guo J, Feng R, Jia J H, Han W H, Gong H J. 2016. The regulatory role of silicon on carbohydrate metabolism in Cucumis sativus L. under salt stress. Plant and Soil, 406, 231–249.
 
[1] ZHAO Jun-yang, LU Hua-ming, QIN Shu-tao, PAN Peng, TANG Shi-de, CHEN Li-hong, WANG Xue-li, TANG Fang-yu, TAN Zheng-long, WEN Rong-hui, HE Bing. Soil conditioners improve Cd-contaminated farmland soil microbial communities to inhibit Cd accumulation in rice[J]. >Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 2023, 22(8): 2521-2535.
[2] GAO Peng, ZHANG Tuo, LEI Xing-yu, CUI Xin-wei, LU Yao-xiong, FAN Peng-fei, LONG Shi-ping, HUANG Jing, GAO Ju-sheng, ZHANG Zhen-hua, ZHANG Hui-min. Improvement of soil fertility and rice yield after long-term application of cow manure combined with inorganic fertilizers[J]. >Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 2023, 22(7): 2221-2232.
[3] WU Hong-liang, CAI An-dong, XING Ting-ting, HUAI Sheng-chang, ZHU Ping, HAN Xiao-zeng, XU Ming-gang, LU Chang-ai. Integrated management of crop residue and nutrients enhances new carbon formation by regulating microbial taxa and enzymes[J]. >Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 2022, 21(6): 1772-1785.
[4] DUAN Yao-ke, SU Yan HAN Rong, SUN Hao, GONG Hai-jun. Nodulin 26-like intrinsic protein CsNIP2;2 is a silicon influx transporter in Cucumis sativus L.[J]. >Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 2022, 21(3): 685-696.
[5] ZHAO Shi-cheng, LÜ Ji-long, XU Xin-peng, LIN Xiao-mao, Luiz Moro ROSSO, QIU Shao-jun, Ignacio CIAMPITTI, HE Ping . Peanut yield, nutrient uptake and nutrient requirements in different regions of China[J]. >Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 2021, 20(9): 2502-2511.
[6] SHI Dong-ya, REN Wei-chao, WANG Jin, ZHANG Jie, Jane Ifunanya MBADIANYA, MAO Xue-wei, CHEN Chang-jun. The transcription factor FgNsf1 regulates fungal development, virulence and stress responses in Fusarium graminearum[J]. >Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 2021, 20(8): 2156-2169.
[7] Zhang Hao, Cheng Xuan, Mabrouk ELSABAGH, Lin Bo, Wang Hong-rong. Effects of formic acid and corn flour supplementation of banana pseudostem silages on nutritional quality of silages, growth, digestion, rumen fermentation and cellulolytic bacterial community of Nubian black goats[J]. >Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 2021, 20(8): 2214-2226.
[8] TIAN Qing-lan, HE Lian-hua, LIAO Shuang, LI Wu, DENG Fei, ZHOU Wei, ZHONG Xiao-yuan, REN Wan-jun. Indica rice restorer lines with large sink potential exhibit improved nutrient transportation to the panicle, which enhances both yield and nitrogen-use efficiency[J]. >Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 2021, 20(6): 1438-1456.
[9] Dilip Kumar BASTIA, Subrat Kumar BEHERA, Manas Ranjan PANDA . Impacts of soil fertility management on productivity and economics of rice and fodder intercropping systems under rainfed conditions in Odisha, India[J]. >Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 2021, 20(12): 3114-3126.
[10] ZHANG Pan-pan, CHEN Yu-lu, WANG Chen-yang, MA Geng, LÜ Jun-jie, LIU Jing-bao, GUO Tian-cai. Distribution and accumulation of zinc and nitrogen in wheat grain pearling fractions in response to foliar zinc and soil nitrogen applications[J]. >Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 2021, 20(12): 3277-3288.
[11] ZHAO Shi-cheng, Ignacio A. CIAMPITTI, QIU Shao-jun, XU Xin-peng, HE Ping. Characteristics of maize residue decomposition and succession in the bacterial community during decomposition in Northeast China[J]. >Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 2021, 20(12): 3289-3298.
[12] ZHAO Yong-gan, WANG Shu-juan, LIU Jia, ZHUO Yu-qun, LI Yan, ZHANG Wen-chao. Fertility and biochemical activity in sodic soils 17 years after reclamation with flue gas desulfurization gypsum[J]. >Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 2021, 20(12): 3312-3321.
[13] WANG Rui, WANG Ying, HU Ya-xian, DANG Ting-hui, GUO Sheng-li. Divergent responses of tiller and grain yield to fertilization and fallow precipitation: Insights from a 28-year long-term experiment in a semiarid winter wheat system[J]. >Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 2021, 20(11): 3003-3011.
[14] XU Xin-peng, HE Ping, CHUAN Li-min, LIU Xiao-yan, LIU Ying-xia, ZHANG Jia-jia, HUANG Xiao-meng, QIU Shao-jun, ZHAO Shi-cheng, ZHOU Wei. Regional distribution of wheat yield and chemical fertilizer requirements in China[J]. >Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 2021, 20(10): 2772-2780.
[15] LI Guang-hao, CHENG Qian, LI Long, LU Da-lei, LU Wei-ping. N, P and K use efficiency and maize yield responses to fertilization modes and densities[J]. >Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 2021, 20(1): 78-86.
No Suggested Reading articles found!