长期增施有机肥/秸秆还田对土壤氮素淋失风险的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2018.12.010

Abstract

Abstract: 【Objective】In order to provide a basis for promoting soil fertility, increasing crop yield and reducing non-point source pollution for rotation of winter wheat and summer maize in North China Plain, it is necessary to study the effects of long-term additional application of organic manure/straw incorporation on crop yield and soil nitrogen leaching risk.【Method】Considering a 27-year long-term fertilizer experiment in Fluvo-aquic soil in Changping County, Beijing, China as the research platform, five treatments were set up, including namely control (CK), chemical fertilizers (NPK), NPK + organic manure (NPKM), NPK+ 50% more organic manure (NPKM+) and NPK + straw incorporation (NPKS). And then, crop yield of wheat and maize, soil fertility, nitrogen leaching risk and soil nitrogen distribution characteristics under different fertilization treatments were analyzed. 【Result】Results showed that (1) long-term additional application of organic manure or straw incorporation could increase crop yield and improve soil fertility during the past 27-year. Among these different fertilizer treatments, additional application of organic manure was particularly excellent. Compared with NPK, the yield of wheat and maize could increase by 41%-50% and 30%-32% under NPKM and NPKM+ treatments, respectively. Meanwhile, NPKM and NPKM+ treatments could increase soil organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen (TN) in 0-20 cm soil by 62%-121% and 107%-187%, respectively. However, the partial factor productivity (PFP_N) in wheat and maize season was reduced by 22%-32% and 27%-41%, respectively. Contrarily, the effects of straw incorporation on yield enhancement and soil nutrients improvement was lower than that of additional application of organic manure. The yield of wheat and maize and SOC and TN contents were increased by 24%, 6%, 9%, 97% under straw returning, respectively, relative to NPK. However, the PFP_N in wheat season was increased by 216% while was reduced by 40% in maize season. (2) SOC, TN, nitrate nitrogen (NO₃^--N), soil dissolved organic carbon, soil dissolved organic nitrogen contents and the microbiological processes of soil nitrogen mineralization rate and nitrification potential in 0-20 cm soil depth were all higher than that of 20-200 cm soil depth, which indicated that the effects of long-term additional application of organic manure or straw incorporation on soil nutrients and microbiological processes mainly occurred in the surface soil. Compared with NPK, NPKM treatment could significantly increase NO₃^--N content in the 100-200 cm soil layer and the average value of NO₃^--N was 17.8-26.1 mg·kg^-1. NPKS treatment could increase soil NO₃^--N content in the 0-100 cm soil depth to some extent and the average content of NO₃^--N was 3.6-13.4 mg·kg^-1. This indicated that additional application of organic manure could promote the downward migration of soil NO₃^--N and straw returning could retain soil NO₃^--N. As introducing additional nitrogen from manure or straw, the nitrogen surplus was increased by 312%, 1 037%, 953% in NPKM, NPKM+, NPKS treatments compared with NPK treatment, suggesting a relatively high nitrogen leaching risk.【Conclusion】Based on the conventional fertilization, long-term additional application of organic manure and straw incorporation could increase crop yield and soil fertility, but also promote soil nitrogen surplus and nitrogen leaching risk. Especially, long-term additional application organic manure could increase nitrogen leaching risk.

Key words: long-term fertilization, organic manure, straw incorporation, crop yield, nitrogen leaching risk, fluvo-aquic soil, winter wheat, summer maize

GAI XiaPu, LIU HongBin, ZHAI LiMei, YANG Bo, REN TianZhi, WANG HongYuan, WU ShuXia, LEI QiuLiang. Effects of Long-Term Additional Application of Organic Manure or Straw Incorporation on Soil Nitrogen Leaching Risk[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2018, 51(12): 2336-2347.

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