中国农业科学 ›› 2018, Vol. 51 ›› Issue (16): 3171-3180.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2018.16.013

所属专题: 加强环境生理研究应用 支撑畜禽养殖绿色发展

• 畜牧·兽医·资源昆虫 • 上一篇    下一篇

温热环境对母猪生产性能的影响及其调控技术研究进展

曾雅琼1,王浩1,2,刘作华1,李爽1,蒲施桦1,2,龙定彪1,2

 
  

  1. 1重庆市畜牧科学院,重庆 402460;2农业部西南设施养殖工程科学观测实验站,重庆 402460
  • 收稿日期:2018-04-10 出版日期:2018-08-16 发布日期:2018-08-16
  • 通讯作者: 蒲施桦,E-mail:opertion5@163.com。龙定彪,E-mail:longjuan880@163.com
  • 作者简介:曾雅琼,E-mail:zengyaqionghai@163.com
  • 基金资助:
    “十三五”国家重点研发计划(2016YFD0500500)、现代农业产业技术体系建设专项资金(CARS-35)、重庆市科研院所绩效激励引导专项(17422)

Effects of Ambient Temperature on Production Performance of Sows and Regulatory Techniques

ZENG YaQiong1, WANG Hao1,2, LIU ZuoHua1, LI Shuang1, PU ShiHua1,2, LONG DingBiao1,2   

  1. 1Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Chongqing 402460; 2Ministry of Agriculture Southwest facility aquaculture engineering scientific observation experimental station, Chongqing 402460
  • Received:2018-04-10 Online:2018-08-16 Published:2018-08-16

摘要: 生猪养殖业是我国农业和农村经济的支柱性产业之一,母猪作为生猪养殖场的核心猪群,其生产性能是决定生猪养殖场经济效益的关键因素。我国是世界生猪养殖的第一大国,能繁母猪存栏量和商品猪出栏量均超过世界总量的50%,然而,与发达国家相比,我国母猪饲养管理水平较低,在生产性能方面仍存在较大差距。实际生产中母猪的生产性能受到诸多因素的影响,主要包括母猪的营养摄取、机体特性、饲养空间环境及胎次等,其中温热环境是影响母猪健康和生产性能的重要因素之一。温热环境包括温度、相对湿度、空气流动、辐射及热传递等因素,他们共同作用于动物,使动物产生冷或热、舒适与否的感觉。适宜的温热环境有利于保障母猪的机体健康,提高其生产性能,反之,不适宜的温热环境会引起母猪的热环境应激,破坏体热平衡,甚至导致生产停止,使机体进入病理状态,引发疾病甚至死亡。因此,掌握母猪的温热环境需求并采取有效的调控措施,对提高母猪生产性能和生猪养殖场经济效益至关重要。文章从温热环境对母猪的影响和温热环境调控技术两个方面进行综述,旨在为我国生猪养殖场母猪生产管理的温热环境调控提供理论依据和技术支撑。(1)温热环境对母猪的影响方面。温热环境对母猪的影响主要体现在行为、生理和生产性能等方面的变化。在行为方面,高温环境下,由于侧卧时母猪体表与地面的接触面积更大,可增加机体散热量,母猪会通过行为姿势改变进行热调节,如增加侧卧时间、减少站立和俯卧时间,而母猪姿势行为的频繁改变会增加仔猪压死率。在生理方面,热应激时母猪会通过减少采食量、增加呼吸率和皮肤血流量等途径来减少代谢产热、增加散热,同时母猪血液中促肾上腺皮质激素和皮质醇会增加、甲状腺素降低、胰岛素敏感性增加,这些生理变化会破坏母猪机体内分泌和能量平衡,进而导致胚胎早期死亡、流产和泌乳量下降。在生产性能方面,热应激会对母猪发情间隔、产仔数和泌乳量等生产性能造成不利影响,妊娠前期热应激主要影响返情率和产仔数,妊娠后期主要影响产活仔数和死胎数,分娩后则主要影响仔猪存活率,环境高温通过影响母猪的泌乳量对哺乳仔猪生产性能产生不利影响,通过影响母猪的采食量、泌乳期母猪失重和体内生殖激素的分泌,导致母猪断奶后发情延迟。(2)温热环境调控技术方面。母猪温热环境调控技术主要包括猪舍整体降温和局部降温两种,整体降温以“湿帘-风机”蒸发冷却降温技术为代表,通过风机排风造成舍内负压,迫使舍外未饱和的空气流经湿润的多孔湿帘,引起水分蒸发吸收大量潜热,降低进入舍内的空气温度,从而达到降低舍内温度的目的,该技术具有设备简单、经济高效的优势。猪舍局部降温主要是针对猪只躺卧区地板、两侧猪栏、猪栏上方等区域进行温度调控,主要有风管喷气嘴蒸发冷却、冷水覆盖降温和猪舍地板降温等方式,具有降温效果良好和节能的优点。

关键词: 母猪, 温热环境, 调控, 生产性能

Abstract: The pig industry is one of the mainstay industries of China's agriculture and rural economy. As the core component of pig farms, production performance of sows are the key factors for determining the economic benefits of pig farms. China is the largest pig breeding country in the world, and the number of breeding sows and commercial pigs are more than 50% of the world’s total. However, compared with developed countries, sows feeding management level is low in our country, and there is still a large gap in production performance. The performance of sows in practical production is affected by many factors, including nutrient intake, body characteristics, feeding environment, parity of sows, etc. Thermal environment is one of the major factors affecting the health and production performance of sows. The warm environment consists of temperature, relative humidity, air flow, radiation, and heat transfer. These factors work together on the animal to make them feel cold or hot and comfortable or not. The suitable thermal environment is conducive to ensuring the sows’ health and improving their production performance. Conversely, the unsuitable warm environment will cause heat stress in sows, destroy the body heat balance, and even lead production stop, make the body enters a pathological state, cause illness and ultimately death. Therefore, mastering the warm environment requirements of sows and adopting effective control measures are essential to improve the performance of sows and the economic benefits of pig farms. This paper reviewed the effects of warm environment on sows and the corresponding regulation techniques, aiming to provide theoretical basis and technical support for the regulation of thermal environment in pig production and management in China. (1) The effects of the warm environment on the sow are mainly reflected in changes of behavior, physiology and production performance. In terms of behavior, sows will be thermally adjusted by changing the behavioral posture, such as increasing the lying time, reducing the standing and prone time in hot environment. Because the contact area of the sows' body surface with the ground is larger when the side is lying, and the heat dissipation of the body can be increased, but frequent changes in sows’ posture will increase the piglet death rate. In the aspect of physiology, sows will reduce metabolic heat production and increase heat dissipation by reducing feed intake, increasing respiration rate and skin blood flow during heat stress, while promoting the adrenocorticotropic hormone and cortisol in the blood of sows, thyroxine dropped and insulin sensitivity increased. These physiological changes will destroy the endocrine and energy balance of the sow, leading to early embryo death, miscarriage and milk production reduction. In terms of production performance, heat stress adversely affects the performance of sow estrus interval, litter size and lactation. Heat stress mainly affects the re-service rate and litter size at pre-pregnancy and in late pregnancy mainly affects the number of live births and stillbirths. After parturition, heat stress mainly affects the survival rate of piglets. High ambient temperature adversely affects the performance of weaned piglets by affecting the lactation of sows, and heat stress can delay the weaning-to-estrus interval by affecting the feed intake, weight loss and hormone secretion of sows. (2) Thermal environment control technology of sows mainly includes overall cooling and partial cooling of the pig house. The Pad and Fan evaporative cooling system is the representative of the overall cooling of pig house. In the system, the negative pressure inside the house is caused by the exhaust of the fan, forcing the unsaturated air outside the house to flow through the wet porous curtain, causing the evaporation of water to absorb a large amount of latent heat, thereby reducing the temperature inside pig house. The system has the advantages of simplicity and cost-effectiveness. The local cooling of the pig house is mainly for the temperature control of the lying area floor, pig pens on both sides and upper part of the pig pens. The main methods include air duct evaporative cooling, cold water cover cooling, floor cooling, etc. These methods have the advantages of obvious cooling effect and energy saving.

Key words: sows, ambient temperature, regulation, performance