中国农业科学 ›› 2018, Vol. 51 ›› Issue (2): 290-301.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2018.02.009

• 土壤肥料·节水灌溉·农业生态环境 • 上一篇    下一篇

长期施肥和灌溉对土壤细菌数量、多样性和群落结构的影响

杨亚东,王志敏,曾昭海   

  1. 中国农业大学农学院,北京 100193
  • 收稿日期:2017-06-21 出版日期:2018-01-16 发布日期:2018-01-16
  • 通讯作者: 曾昭海,Tel:010-62731211;E-mail:zengzhaohai@cau.edu.cn
  • 作者简介:杨亚东,E-mail:yadong_tracy@sina.com
  • 基金资助:
    国家重点研发计划项目(2016YFD0300205-01)、国家自然基金(31671640)、国家公益性行业(农业)科研专项(201503121-11)

Effects of Long-Term Different Fertilization and Irrigation Managements on Soil Bacterial Abundance, Diversity and Composition

YANG YaDong, WANG ZhiMin, ZENG ZhaoHai   

  1. College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193
  • Received:2017-06-21 Online:2018-01-16 Published:2018-01-16

摘要: 【目的】通过对华北地区一年两熟种植模式下冬小麦生长季不同施肥和灌溉处理下土壤细菌群落的研究,揭示长期不同施肥和灌溉制度下土壤细菌数量、多样性和群落结构的变化规律。为科学施肥和灌溉,提高农田地力和维持土壤微生物多样性等提供依据。【方法】依托中国农业大学吴桥实验站,选取长期施肥和灌溉定位试验的6个处理冬小麦收获后耕层土壤为研究对象,分别为化肥+不灌溉(CI0)、化肥+拔节期灌溉(CI1)、化肥+拔节期灌溉+灌浆期灌溉(CI2)、有机肥+不灌溉(MI0)、有机肥+拔节期灌溉(MI1)和有机肥+拔节期灌溉+灌浆期灌溉(MI2)。借助荧光定量PCR技术和Illumina Miseq高通量测序平台,以16S rRNA基因为标靶,研究长期不同施肥和灌溉制度对土壤细菌数量、多样性和群落结构的影响,并分析细菌数量、多样性和群落结构变化与土壤理化性质的相关性。【结果】灌溉显著提高了土壤含水量和土壤pH,施有机肥比施化肥显著提高了土壤有机碳含量。不同处理细菌16S rRNA基因拷贝数为每克干土4.34×109—1.39×1010。灌溉显著提高了细菌数量,化肥和有机肥处理分别提高了1.17—1.60和0.76—1.93倍。多样性指数结果表明灌溉显著影响细菌群落α多样性指数,施肥对细菌群落α多样性指数的影响均不显著。门水平上,18个样品共获得39个类群,其中变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)、绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi)、酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)和拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)为优势类群,相对丰度共占77.22%—86.28%。不同处理间放线菌门(11.09%—27.01%)、拟杆菌门(5.45%—12.13%)和Saccharibacteria(2.41%—3.77%)的相对丰度差异显著。灌溉显著降低了放线菌门和Saccharibacteria的相对丰度,化肥和有机肥处理分别降低了36.48%—48.03%、22.17%—33.67%和15.21%—45.54%、13.40%—23.97%。层次聚类和主成分分析结果显示施肥和灌溉对细菌群落结构都产生影响,相同灌溉次数处理的细菌群落结构相似,而相同施肥处理间细菌群落结构差异较大,表明灌溉对细菌群落结构的影响强于施肥。此外,土壤含水量、土壤pH、全氮含量和有机碳含量与细菌数量、α多样性指数和群落结构存在一定的显著相关关系。【结论】灌溉显著改变了细菌数量、多样性和群落结构,施肥对细菌数量和群落结构的影响较小。土壤含水量和土壤pH是造成土壤细菌数量、多样性和群落结构差异的主要原因。

关键词: 有机肥, 灌溉, 细菌群落多样性, 高通量测序, 华北地区

Abstract: 【Objective】This study was carried out to investigate the bacterial community in a wheat-maize rotation field during wheat growing season in northern China. The effects of long-term different fertilization and irrigation regimes on the abundance, diversity and composition of bacterial community were identified. It will provide evidences for further optimizing fertilization and irrigation managements, improving soil productivity, and maintaining soil microbial diversity.【Method】Based on a long-term fertilization and irrigation experiment carried out in Wuqiao Experimental Station of China Agricultural University, six different soil samples were collected after wheat was harvested, including chemical fertilization and no irrigation (CI0), chemical fertilization and irrigation at the jointing stage (CI1), chemical fertilization and irrigation at the jointing and filling stages (CI2), manure fertilization and no irrigation (MI0), manure fertilization and irrigation at the jointing stage (MI1), and manure fertilization and irrigation at the jointing and filling stages (MI2). The abundance, diversity and composition of the bacteria community in different soil samples were revealed by using real-time PCR and Illumina Miseq sequencing platform, targeting the 16S rRNA gene. Correlation analysis was carried out between soil properties and the bacteria community abundance, diversity and structure.【Result】Irrigation significantly increased soil moisture and soil pH, and manure fertilization significantly increased Total Organic Carbon (TOC) content compared with no irrigation and chemical fertilization treatments, respectively. The bacterial 16S rRNA gene copy numbers ranged from 4.34×109 to 1.39×1010 g-1 d.w.s in different treatments. Irrigation significantly increased the bacterial 16S rRNA gene copy number by 1.17-1.60 and 0.76-1.93 times in the chemical and manure fertilization treatments, respectively. The bacterial α diversity index results showed that irrigation but not fertilization significantly affected bacterial α diversity index. At the phylum level, thirty-nine phyla were obtained in all the treatments, among which Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Chloroflexi, Acidobacteria and Bacteroidetes were the predominant phyla, accounting for 77.22%-86.28% of the total reads. There were significant variations in relative abundance of Actinobacteria【Conclusion】Irrigation greatly altered the abundance, diversity, and structure of the bacterial community, while fertilization had a minor effect on the abundance and structure of the bacterial community, and soil moisture and soil pH were the potential environmental factors associated with the bacterial community variations. (11.09%-27.01%), Bacteroidetes (5.45%-12.13%) and Saccharibacteria (2.41%-3.77%) among different treatments. Irrigation significantly decreased the relative abundance of Actinobacteria and Saccharibacteria by 36.48%-48.03%, 22.17%-33.67% and 15.21%-45.54%, 13.40%-23.97% in the chemical and manure fertilization treatments, respectively. Hierarchical clustering and principal component analysis (PCA) results showed that both fertilization and irrigation managements affect the bacterial structure, and irrigation had a stronger effect than fertilization on the bacterial structure. In addition, there were significant correlations between soil moisture, soil pH, Total Nitrogen (TN) content, and TOC content and the abundance, α diversity index and structure of the bacterial community.

Key words: manure fertilizer, irrigation, bacterial community diversity, high-throughput sequencing, northern China