中国农业科学 ›› 2017, Vol. 50 ›› Issue (22): 4290-4298.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2017.22.005

• 耕作栽培·生理生化·农业信息技术 • 上一篇    下一篇

黄河流域棉花轻简化栽培技术评述

董建军1,2,代建龙1,李霞1,李维江1,董合忠1

 
  

  1. 1山东棉花研究中心/山东省棉花栽培生理重点实验室,济南250100;2山东省农业科学院,济南250100
  • 收稿日期:2016-12-05 出版日期:2017-11-16 发布日期:2017-11-16
  • 通讯作者: 董合忠,E-mail:donghz@saas.ac.cn
  • 作者简介:董建军,E-mail:18615202737@163.com
  • 基金资助:
    国家现代农业产业技术体系(CARS-18-21)、山东省现代农业产业技术体系棉花创新团队(SDAIT-03-01)、山东省重点研发计划(2015GNC110001)、山东省农业科学院农业科技创新工程(CXGC2016B05)、山东省农业重大应用技术创新项目(2015棉花)

Review of Light and Simplified Cotton Cultivation Technology in the Yellow River Valley

DONG JianJun1,2, DAI JianLong1, LI Xia1, LI WeiJiang1, DONG HeZhong1   

  1. 1Shandong Cotton Research Center/Shandong Key Lab for Cotton Culture and Physiology, Jinan 250100; 2Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100
  • Received:2016-12-05 Online:2017-11-16 Published:2017-11-16

摘要: 黄河流域棉区是中国三大主要产棉区之一,改进栽培技术,对促进该区棉花生产可持续发展具有重大的战略意义。首先,文中分析了当前黄河流域棉区棉花栽培管理技术存在的主要问题,包括棉田种植制度和种植模式多样化对棉花轻简化和机械化生产的阻碍;棉花生产规模小,组织化程度低,难以获得规模效益;棉花管理复杂繁琐,机械化程度低、用工多,但随着城市化进程加快,农村劳动力数量减少、质量降低,难以支撑劳动密集型的传统精耕细作栽培,棉花生产投入大、效益低的问题成为黄河流域棉花生产可持续发展的主要障碍。作者认为实行轻简化栽培是提高黄河流域棉花竞争力水平、促进棉花生产可持续发展的重要途径。其次,回顾了棉花轻简化栽培技术形成和发展历程,对现行的棉花轻简化栽培的关键技术进行了总结性评述,重点论述了实现棉花生产轻便简捷、节本增效的主要技术措施,包括精准播种、轻简育苗、简化整枝、集中成铃、轻简施肥和节水灌溉等。最后,提出了进一步完善和发展轻简化植棉技术,促进棉花轻简节本、提质增效的设想。为实现更高层次的轻简化栽培,应进一步突出播种和采收2个环节,减少并进一步简化管理环节;要优化种植制度和种植模式,为推行机械化生产创造条件;要提升精准播种技术水平,确保一播全苗;继续研制新型肥料及其施用技术,进一步简化施肥和提高肥料利用率;加快选育适宜轻简化栽培、机械化收获的棉花品种,因地制宜地发展棉花采收机械化。在继续创新轻简化栽培关键技术的同时,还要加强良种良法配套、农机农艺融合。可以预见,在不远的将来,黄河流域棉花轻简化丰产栽培技术体系将得到进一步提升和完善,为棉花生产振兴和可持续发展发挥重要作用。

关键词: 黄河流域, 棉花, 轻简化栽培

Abstract: The cotton-growing region of Yellow River valley is one of the three major cotton producing areas in China. It is of great strategic significance to promote the sustainable development of cotton production in this area through full improvement of cultivation technology. Firstly, the main problems of current cotton cultivation and management technology in the cotton area of the Yellow River valley were analyzed in the paper. These problems mainly include the diversification of cotton planting system and planting pattern, which hinders the simplification and mechanization in cotton production; the scale of cotton production is small with poor organization; the field management of cotton is not only complicated, but also cumbersome and labor-intensive due to poor mechanization. It is also indicated that a large number of rural labors have been transferred to the city due to the fast urbanization in this area, which leads to the decrease in both the number and quality of rural labors, making it difficult to support the traditional labor-intensive cultivation of cotton. Thus many problems occurred in cotton production such as great consumption of labors, large material input and low economic benefits, which are the main obstacles to the sustainable development of cotton production in this area. Adoption of light and simplified cultivation technology is an important way to improve the Chinese cotton competitiveness in the world market and the sustainable development of cotton production in the Yellow River valley of China. Secondly, the formation and development process of light and simplified cotton cultivation technology were reviewed. The key techniques for light and simplified cotton cultivation, including precision seeding, simplified seedling nursing and transplanting, concentrated fruiting, easy and simplified pruning and fertilization, water-saving irrigation and other light cultivation techniques for cotton production were summarized and reviewed. Finally, based on the review, the authors proposed tentative ideas to simplify management, save costs and improve fiber quality and economic benefits by further improvement and development of the light and simplified cotton cultivation technology. In order to achieve a higher level of light and simplified cultivation in the future, more attention should be paid to seeding and harvesting as well as to simplifying and reducing the management process. The planting system and planting mode should be further optimized to lay a foundation for the implementation of mechanized production; the precision sowing technology should be further improved to ensure full stand establishment after seeding once; new fertilizers and their application technology should be continually developed to further simplify fertilization and improve fertilizer use efficiency; cotton varieties suitable for light cultivation and mechanized harvest should be genetically developed to enhance mechanized harvesting of cotton according to local conditions. While continuing to innovate the key cultivation technologies, the integration of agricultural machinery and agronomic measures as well as the combination of the fine variety with fine cultivation method must also be strengthened. It is foreseeable that in the near future, the light and simplified cotton cultivation technology system will be further improved, which will play more important roles in sustainable development of cotton production in this area.

Key words: Yellow River Valley, cotton, light and simplified cultivation