长期施用氮磷肥对旱地冬小麦籽粒产量和锌含量的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2017.16.012

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 【目的】小麦是中国北方地区的主要粮食作物，主要种植在低锌的石灰性土壤上，其籽粒锌含量普遍偏低，因此小麦籽粒锌营养强化是近年研究的热点。小麦氮磷与锌的吸收利用存在互作效应。利用从2004年起在中国西北旱地潜在缺锌的石灰性土壤上开展的长期定位试验，研究长期氮磷施用下的小麦产量与锌含量的变化。【方法】田间试验采用完全随机区组设计，设不施肥（CK）、单施氮肥（N160，施160 kg N·hm^-2）、单施磷肥（P100，施100 kg P₂O₅·hm^-2）和氮磷配施（N160P100，施160 kg N·hm^-2、100 kg P₂O₅·hm^-2）4个处理。于2012—2016年连续4年进行田间取样，分析小麦的生物量、产量、产量构成，及锌含量与锌吸收和分配。【结果】与不施肥相比，长期单施氮肥使小麦穗数降低9%，籽粒产量和地上部生物量均降低12%，而籽粒锌含量由不施肥处理的29.4 mg·kg^-1提高到42.8 mg·kg^-1，提高幅度为46%，籽粒和地上部的锌吸收量分别增加29%和37%，地上部的氮锌比和磷锌比分别降低13%和45%；长期单施磷肥使小麦穗数、籽粒产量和地上部生物量分别增加18%、15%和16%，籽粒锌含量、籽粒和地上部的锌吸收量却分别降低31%、19%和17%，同时地上部的氮锌比和磷锌比分别提高19%和83%；氮磷配施的小麦穗数、籽粒产量和地上部生物量也显著增加，增加幅度分别为40%、46%和38%，籽粒和地上部的锌吸收量还分别提高36%和34%，但籽粒的锌含量仅降低8%，同时地上部的氮锌比和磷锌比分别提高43%和27%。与单施磷肥相比，氮磷配施不仅提高了籽粒产量，还提高了籽粒锌含量，主要原因是施用氮肥能够增加小麦锌吸收，减缓了磷肥对小麦锌吸收的抑制作用。【结论】在生产实践中，单施氮肥虽可以提高小麦籽粒的锌含量，达到食物锌营养强化的目的，但长期单施氮肥会导致土壤养分不平衡，不利于维持和提高小麦产量。长期单施磷肥虽能够提高小麦籽粒产量，但抑制小麦锌吸收，不利于籽粒锌累积，降低籽粒含量。因此，在黄土高原旱地石灰性土壤上，建议合理进行氮磷配施，以保证小麦生产高产优质。

关键词: 氮肥, 磷肥, 冬小麦, 籽粒, 产量, 锌含量

Abstract: 【Objective】 Wheat is one of the main cereal crops in northern China, and mainly grown in calcareous soils with low available zinc (Zn) , thus its grain Zn concentration generally is low. Nutrient biofortification of Zn in wheat grain has attracted great attention in recent years. Zn absorption and utilization of wheat are affected by the interaction between Zn and nitrogen (N) or phosphorus (P). Present study was based on a long-term fertilization experiment initiated in 2004 and on the potentially Zn-deficient and calcareous soil in dryland areas of northwestern China. Changes of yield and Zn concentration in grain of wheat affected by N and P application were investigated. 【Method】 The field experiment was carried out in a completely randomized block design with four treatments: control (CK, no fertilizer added), mono N application (N160, 160 kg N·hm^-2), mono P application (P100, 100 kg P₂O₅·hm^-2) and combined of N and P fertilization (N160P100, 160 kg N·hm^-2, 100 kg P₂O₅·hm^-2). Plant samples were collected to analyze the wheat biomass, grain yield and yield components, and Zn concentration, Zn uptake and distribution in wheat during four cropping seasons from 2012-2016.【Result】 Compared with the control, the N mono-application decreased the spike number of wheat by 9% and the grain yield and shoot biomass both by 12%, but increased the grain Zn concentration from 29.4 mg·kg^-1 to 42.8 mg·kg^-1 and by 46%, enhanced Zn uptake in grain and shoot, respectively, by 29% and 37%, and reduced the N /Zn and P/Zn ratios in shoot, respectively, by 13% and 45%. The P mono-application increased spike number, grain yield and shoot biomass, respectively, by 18%, 15% and 16%, but decreased grain Zn concentration and Zn uptake in grain and shoot, respectively, 31%, 19% and 17%, with the N/Zn and P/Zn ratios in shoot increased, respectively, by 19% and 83%. The N and P application also significantly increased the spike number, grain yield and shoot biomass, respectively, by 40%, 46% and 38%, enhanced Zn uptake in grain and shoot, respectively, by 36% and 34%, but decreased grain Zn concentration by 8%, with the N /Zn and P/Zn ratios in shoot increased, respectively, by 43% and 27%. Compared with the mono P, the N and P application not only increased grain yield, but also elevated the grain Zn concentration, as the result of the enhanced wheat Zn uptake and the weakened P inhibition on Zn uptake. 【Conclusion】 Although N application could increase the grain Zn concentration of winter wheat to achieve crop nutrient biofortification, the long term of mono N application is not a conducive way to sustain and increase the wheat grain production due to the nutrient imbalance in soil. The mono P application could increase the wheat grain yield, but suppress the Zn uptake, then depress the grain Zn accumulation and decrease the grain Zn concentration. Therefore, it is suggested that the N and P fertilizers should be applied together to ensure the wheat production with high yield and high quality in dryland of the Loess Plateau.

Key words: N fertilizer, P fertilizer, winter wheat, grain, yield, Zn concentration

惠晓丽，王朝辉，罗来超，马清霞，王森，戴健，靳静静. 长期施用氮磷肥对旱地冬小麦籽粒产量和锌含量的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2017, 50(16): 3175-3185.

HUI XiaoLi, WANG ZhaoHui, LUO LaiChao, MA QingXia, WANG Sen, DAI Jian, JIN JingJing. Winter Wheat Grain Yield and Zn Concentration Affected by Long-Term N and P Application in Dryland[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2017, 50(16): 3175-3185.

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