中国农业科学 ›› 2017, Vol. 50 ›› Issue (15): 2888-2903.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2017.15.004

• 耕作栽培·生理生化·农业信息技术 • 上一篇    下一篇

夏闲期覆盖配施氮肥对旱地小麦土壤水分及氮素利用的影响

任爱霞,孙敏,高志强,王培如,薛建福,薛玲珠,雷妙妙   

  1. 山西农业大学农学院,山西太谷 030801
  • 收稿日期:2017-04-05 出版日期:2017-08-01 发布日期:2017-08-01
  • 联系方式: 任爱霞,E-mail:rax_renaixia@163.com
  • 基金资助:
    现代农业产业技术体系建设专项(CARS-03-01-24)、国家公益性行业(农业)科研专项(201303104)、山西省科技攻关项目(20140311008 -3)、农业部公益性行业科研专项(201503120)、国家科技支撑计划项目(2015BAD23B04)、山西省回国留学人员重点科研资助项目(2015-重点4)

Effects of Mulching During the Fallow Period and Nitrogen Fertilizer on Soil Water and Plant Nitrogen Use of Dry-Land Wheat

REN AiXia, SUN Min, GAO ZhiQiang, WANG PeiRu, XUE JianFu, XUE LingZhu, LEI MiaoMiao   

  1. College of Agronomy, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801 Shanxi
  • Received:2017-04-05 Published:2017-08-01 Online:2017-08-01

摘要: 目的】针对黄土高原旱地小麦降水少且分配不均、水分和氮素利用效率低的问题,探索旱地小麦覆盖保水和氮肥施用的最佳技术途径。【方法】于2010—2013年在山西省闻喜县邱家岭村开展试验,主区为覆盖方式,设夏闲期深翻后覆盖与不覆盖2个水平,副区为施氮量,设低(纯氮75 kg·hm-2)、中(纯氮150 kg·hm-2)、高(纯氮225 kg·hm-2)3个水平,明确年际间夏闲期深翻覆盖配施氮肥对旱地麦田土壤水分、植株氮素利用、产量的影响。【结果】各生育时期土壤水分、植株氮素积累量、花前氮素转运量及其对籽粒的贡献率均以丰水年最高,欠水年最低,丰水年、平水年较欠水年分别提高产量80%、69%,提高水分利用效率7%、20%,提高氮素利用效率6%、5%。夏闲期覆盖较不覆盖,播种期0—300 cm土壤蓄水量显著提高,达50—62 mm;花前各生育时期土壤蓄水量显著提高,各生育时期植株氮素积累量提高,籽粒氮素积累量显著提高;丰水年和平水年拔节后各阶段氮素积累量显著提高,花前叶片和穗氮素转运量对籽粒贡献率提高;欠水年花前各阶段氮素积累量及其所占比例提高,花前茎秆+茎鞘氮素转运量对籽粒贡献率显著提高;产量显著提高,达23%—41%;水分利用效率提高3%—15%;丰水年和平水年氮素利用效率显著提高,达14%—26%,欠水年低氮条件下也显著提高,达10%。丰水年配施高氮,平水年和覆盖条件下的欠水年配施中氮,不覆盖条件下的欠水年配施低氮,孕穗期前土壤蓄水量、产量和水分利用效率均较高。丰水年配施高氮,花前氮素转运量和花后氮素积累量均最高,且各处理间差异显著,主要是由于促进花前叶片和穗中氮素向籽粒转运;平水年和覆盖条件下的欠水年配施中氮,花前氮素转运量和籽粒氮素积累量最高,且各处理间差异显著,平水年主要促进叶片和穗中氮素向籽粒转运,穗>叶片,覆盖条件下的欠水年主要促进茎秆+茎鞘和穗中氮素向籽粒中转运,茎秆+茎鞘>穗;不覆盖条件下的欠水年配施低氮,籽粒氮素积累量最高,且各处理间差异显著,花前氮素转运量及其对籽粒贡献率最高,茎秆+茎鞘和穗氮素转运量及其对籽粒贡献率最高,且各处理间差异显著。【结论】旱地麦田夏闲期覆盖有利于蓄积降水,有利于促进丰水年和平水年小麦生育中后期氮素积累,促进叶片和穗中氮素向籽粒转运;有利于促进欠水年生育前中期氮素积累,促进茎秆+茎鞘中氮素向籽粒转运。丰水年施氮225 kg·hm-2平水年和覆盖条件下的欠水年施氮150 kg·hm-2,不覆盖条件下的欠水年施氮量75 kg·hm-2可实现产量和水分利用效率的同步提升。

关键词: 旱地小麦, 夏闲期覆盖, 氮肥, 土壤水分, 植株氮素利用, 产量

Abstract:

【Objective】For the problem of less rainfall and uneven distribution, lower water and nitrogen use efficiency of dryland wheat in the Loess Plateau, the best technological way for water conservation through mulching and nitrogen fertilization of dryland wheat was studied.【Method】Field experiments were carried out in Qiujialing village, Wenxi, Shanxi from 2010 to 2013, the main plot was mulched with plastic film or no mulched after deep tillage during the fallow period, the subplot was applied with nitrogen fertilizer at 75 kg·hm-2, 150 kg·hm-2, and 225 kg·hm-2 in order to make clear the effect of mulching during the fallow period and nitrogen fertilization on soil moisture, plant nitrogen utilization and its contribution to yield of dryland wheat in different years. 【Result】The results showed that the soil moisture, plant nitrogen accumulation, the N translation amount before anthesis and its contribution proportion to grain at every growth period were the highest in humid year and the lowest in dry year. Compared with the dry year, the yield of grain in humid and normal year, respectively, increased by 80% and 69%, the water use efficiency, respectively, increased by 7% and 20%, the N use efficiency, respectively, increased by 6% and 5%. Compared with no mulching during the fallow period, the soil water storage in 0-300 cm depth was significantly increased by 52-60 mm at sowing stage under the condition of mulching, and the soil water storage was significantly increased before anthesis, plant nitrogen accumulation was increased in every growth period, the N accumulation of grain was significantly increased. Compared with no mulching during the fallow period, the N accumulation was significantly increased after jointing stage under the condition of mulching in humid and normal years, the contribution rate to grain of the N translation amount of leaf and spike before anthesis was increased; the N accumulation and its proportion at different growing stages were increased in dry year, the contribution rate to grain of the N translation amount of stem and sheath before anthesis was significantly increased. Compared with no mulching during the fallow period, the grain yield was significantly increased by 23%-41%; water use efficiency increased by 3%-15%, the N use efficiency was significantly increased in humid and normal years by 14%-26% and significantly increased by 10% under the condition of low N fertilization in dry year. Combined with high N fertilization in humid year, combined with middle N fertilization in normal year and dry year under the condition of mulching during the fallow period, combined with low N fertilization in dry year under the condition of no mulching during the fallow period, the soil water storage, yield and water use efficiency were the highest before booting stage. Combined with high N fertilization in humid year, the translation amount of N before anthesis and the N accumulation after anthesis were significantly the highest, especially promoted the translation from leaf and spike to grain before anthesis. Combined with middle N fertilization in normal year and dry year under the condition of mulching during the fallow period, the N translation amount before anthesis and the N accumulation of grain were significantly the highest, and promoted the translation from leaf and spike to grain in humid year, especially the spike. And promoted the translation from stem and sheaths and spike to grain in dry year under the condition of mulching, especially the stem and sheaths. Combined with low N fertilization in dry year under the condition of no mulching during the fallow period, the N accumulation of grain was significantly the highest, the N translation amount before anthesis and its contribution rate to grain was the highest, the N translation amount of stem and sheaths and its contribution rate to grain was the highest. 【Conclusion】 Mulching during the fallow period of dry-land contributed to accumulating precipitation, promoting N accumulation at middle and late growth stages in humid and normal years, promoting the N translation from leaf and spike to grain, contributed to promoting the N accumulation at early and middle growth stages in dry year, promoting the N translation from stem and sheaths to grain. Humid year combined with high nitrogen at 225 kg·hm-2, normal year and dry year under the condition of mulching during the fallow period combined with middle nitrogen at 150 kg·hm-2, and dry year under the condition of no mulching during the fallow period combined with low nitrogen at 75 kg·hm-2 could achieve synchronous improvement of yield and water use efficiency.

Key words: dryland wheat, mulching during fallow period, nitrogen fertilizer, soil water, plant nitrogen use, yield