施用腐殖酸对夏玉米产量和氮效率的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2017.11.023

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】研究施用腐殖酸对夏玉米产量、氮肥利用及经济效益的影响，为提高氮肥的增产效益，减少氮肥对生态环境的污染提供理论指导。【方法】在河南潮土区冬小麦-夏玉米轮作制度下，于2014年始在河南省博爱县开展田间定位试验，共设置单施磷钾肥、常规施肥、常规施肥+腐殖酸、常规施肥减氮15%+腐殖酸、常规施肥减氮30%+腐殖酸5个处理。研究不同氮肥运筹下夏玉米植株生长状况、产量及产量构成要素、氮素吸收、累积及分配、氮肥利用效率及经济效益的影响。【结果】单施磷钾肥处理与常规施肥处理相比，茎粗、穗长、穗粗、叶面积指数分别降低4.61%、8.55%、6.20%、26.91%，秃顶长增加21.60%。常规施肥较单施磷钾肥处理穗粒数、百粒重、产量分别增加8.01%、10.85%、44.45%，籽粒氮含量及氮累积量分别降低6.67%、54.07%。另外常规施肥处理产值、纯收益、产投比较单施磷钾肥处理分别增加44.45%、59.80%、43.84%。施用氮肥可以促进夏玉米植株的生长，提高夏玉米茎粗、穗长、穗粗、叶面积指数，大幅度提高夏玉米的产量，增加各部位氮素含量及累积量，进一步提高夏玉米产值、纯收益和产投比。配施腐殖酸较常规施肥处理相比可以有效改善夏玉米的农艺性状，提高夏玉米的产量，促进植株对氮素的累积和提高氮肥的利用率。其中，以常规施肥减氮15%+腐殖酸处理效果最佳，与常规施肥相比，株高、茎粗、穗长分别增加3.73%、2.30%、0.12%，秃顶长度降低22.45%，产量增加12.88%，籽粒氮含量、籽粒氮累积量、地上部总氮累积量、收获指数分别增加2.68%、25.98%、10.70%、13.79%，氮肥农学效率、氮肥偏生产力、氮肥贡献率、氮肥利用率分别增加57.46%、28.84%、22.23%、59.86%，纯收益增加8.66%。在常规施肥减氮15%的条件下配施3 000 kg·hm^-2腐殖酸，可有效增加夏玉米的产量，提高氮肥利用效率；但减氮30%的条件下会导致夏玉米产值和收益降低。【结论】氮肥对夏玉米的生长发育具有重要的作用，不仅可以促进夏玉米的生长发育，还可提高产量、提高植株各部位氮含量及累积量，促进氮元素的吸收及分配，提高氮肥利用率。但是过量和少量施用氮肥都会引起经济效益和生态环境效益的降低。在施用腐殖酸的基础上，适宜的氮肥用量才能获得较高的产值和收益。常规施肥减氮15%+3 000 kg·hm^-2腐殖酸是本研究区域最佳的施肥模式，在促进夏玉米生长发育的同时，进一步提高夏玉米产量及构成要素，促进植株对氮素的吸收及利用，提高氮肥利用率，增加夏玉米产值及纯收益。对实现现代化农业生产的高产高效、资源节约和生态环境保护具有重要的意义，是值得推荐的肥料运筹方式。

关键词: 腐殖酸, 夏玉米, 氮肥, 氮肥效率, 产量

Abstract: 【Objective】The effect of humic acid on yield, nitrogen fertilizer utilization and economic benefit of summer maize was studied in order to provide a theoretical basis for increasing in yield of maize benefited from nitrogen fertilizer and reducing nitrogen fertilizer pollution to the ecological environment.【Method】A field experiment was started in 2014 in Boai county, Henan province where the cropping system was winter wheat and summer maize rotation and the soil was Fluvo-aquic soil. The experiment included 5 treatments: No N fertilizer (single PK fertilizer), conventional fertilization, conventional fertilization+humic acid, conventional fertilization and nitrogen reduction 15%+humic acid, conventional fertilization and nitrogen reduction 30%+humic acid, and the effects of different nitrogen application on the growth, yield and yield components of summer maize were studied. The effects of different parts of plants on nitrogen uptake, accumulation and distribution, nitrogen use efficiency and economic benefit of summer maize under different fertilization levels were analyzed.【Result】Compared with the conventional fertilization treatment, application of P, K fertilizers decreased the stem diameter, ear length, ear diameter, and leaf area index by 4.61%, 8.55%, 6.20%, 26.91%, bald length increased by 21.60%. Compared with single application of P, K fertilizer, conventional fertilizer treatment increased the single grain number per ear, 100-grain weight and yield by 8.01%, 10.85%, and 44.45%, respectively. The nitrogen content and nitrogen accumulation in grain were decreased by 6.67% and 54.07%, in addition, the conventional fertilization treatment increased the production value, net income and input-output ratio by 44.45% and 59.80%, and 43.84%, respectively, showing that nitrogen fertilizer can promote maize plant growth, improve each index of biological characteristics, greatly improve the summer maize, increase the concentration and accumulation of each part of maize plant, and further to improve the maize output value, net income and input-output ratio. Compared with the conventional fertilization treatment, the combination of humic acid and fertilizer could effectively improve the agronomic traits of summer maize, improve the yield of summer maize, promote the accumulation of nitrogen in plant and improve the utilization rate of nitrogen fertilizer. The effect of conventional fertilization with reduced nitrogen by 15% plus humic acid treatment was the best compared with the conventional fertilization, and the plant height, stem diameter, ear length were increased by 3.73%, 2.30%, and 0.12%, the length of bald decreased by 22.45%, the yield increased by 12.88%, grain nitrogen content, the accumulated amount of grain nitrogen, the total accumulated nitrogen amount of aerial part, and the harvest index were increased by 2.68%, 25.98%, 10.70%, and 13.79%, respectively. Nitrogen agronomic efficiency, nitrogen partial productivity, nitrogen contribution rate, and nitrogen utilization rate increased by 57.46%, 28.84%, 22.23%, and 59.86%, respectively. Net income increased by 8.66%. In the conventional fertilization with reduced nitrogen fertilizer by 15% and plus 3 000 kg·hm^-2 of humic acid could effectively increase the yield of summer maize, improve nitrogen use efficiency; but 30% reduction in nitrogen led the output and income of summer maize decreased.【Conclusion】Nitrogen fertilizer has positive effects on maize growth and development, not only can promote the growth of summer maize, but also can increase the yield, improve the nitrogen content in different parts of plant, promote the absorption and distribution of nitrogen, improve the utilization rate of nitrogen fertilizer. However, excessive or small amount of nitrogen fertilizer can reduce economic benefits and ecological environment benefit. On the basis of the application of humic acid, the appropriate amount of nitrogen fertilizer could get higher production value and income. The conventional fertilization with nitrogen reduced by 15% plus 3 000 kg·hm^-2 humic acid is the best fertilization mode in the study area. At the same time, while this fertilizer application method not only can promote the growth and development of summer maize, but also can improve the yield and composition of summer maize, promote nitrogen absorption and utilization of plants, improve the utilization of nitrogen fertilizer, increase the output value of summer maize and net income. It is of great significance to realize the high yield and high efficiency, resource conservation and ecological environment protection of modern agricultural production.

Key words: humic acid, summer maize, nitrogen fertilizer, nitrogen fertilizer use efficiency, yield

中图分类号:

裴瑞杰，袁天佑，王俊忠，胡娜，李雅男. 施用腐殖酸对夏玉米产量和氮效率的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2017, 50(11): 2189-2198.

PEI RuiJie, YUAN TianYou, WANG JunZhong, HU Na, LI YaNan. Effects of Application of Humic Acid on Yield, Nitrogen Use Efficiency of Summer Maize[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2017, 50(11): 2189-2198.

0
/ / 推荐

导出引用管理器 EndNote|Reference Manager|ProCite|BibTeX|RefWorks

链接本文: https://www.chinaagrisci.com/CN/10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2017.11.023

https://www.chinaagrisci.com/CN/Y2017/V50/I11/2189

参考文献

[1] 赖庆旺, 李茶苟, 黄庆海. 红壤性水稻土无机肥连施与土壤结构特性的研究. 土壤学报, 1992, 29(2): 168-185.

Lai Q W, Li C G, Huang Q H. Effect of continuous application of inorganic fertilizer on soil structure properties of paddy soil derived from red soil. Acta Pedologica Sinica, 1992, 29(2): 168-185. (in Chinese)

[2] Leigh R A, Johnston A E. Long-term experiments in agriculture and ecological sciences. Proceeding of A Conference to Celebrate the 150th Anniversary of Rothamsted Experimental Station. Cambridge: The UK at University Press, 1994: 14-17.

[3] 门明新, 李新旺, 许皞. 长期施肥对华北平原潮土作物产量及稳定性的影响. 中国农业科学, 2008, 41(8): 2339-2346.

MEN M X, LI X W, XU H. Effects of long-term fertilization on crop yields and stability. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2008, 41(8): 2339-2346. (in Chinese)

[4] 刘恩科, 赵秉强, 李秀英, 姜瑞波, 李燕婷, HWAT B S. 长期施肥对土壤微生物量及土壤酶活性的影响. 植物生态学报, 2008, 32(1): 176-182.

LIU E K, ZHAO B Q, LI X Y, JIANG R B, LI Y T, HWAT B S. Biological properties and enzymatic activity of arable soils affected by long-term different fertilization systems. Journal of Plant Ecology, 2008, 32(1): 176-182. (in Chinese)

[5] 李燕青, 唐继伟, 车升国, 温延臣, 孙文彦, 赵秉强. 长期施用有机肥与化肥氮对华北夏玉米N₂O和CO₂排放的影响. 中国农业科学, 2015, 48(21): 4381-4389.

LI Y Q, TANG J W, CHE S G, WEN Y C, SUN W Y, ZHAO B Q. Effect of organic and inorganic fertilizer on the emission of CO₂ and N₂O from the summer maize field in the North China Plain. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2015, 48(21): 4381-4389. (in Chinese)

[6] ANDRASKI T W, BUNDY L G, BRVE K R. Crop management and corn nitrogen rate effects on nitrate leaching. Journal of Environmental Quality, 2000, 29(4): 1095-1103.

[7] 朱兆良. 我国土壤供氮和化肥氮去向的研究进展. 土壤学报, 1985, 17(1): 1-9.

ZHU Z L. Research progress on disposition about soil nitrogen supplying and fertilizer nitrogen for China. Acta Pedologica Sinica, 1985, 17(1): 1-9. (in Chinese)

[8] SUPRAVOGO D M, NOORDWILK K H, CADISCH C. The inherent safety net of an Acrisol: Measuring and modeling retarded leaching mineral nitrogen. European Journal of Soil Science, 2002, 53(2): 185-194.

[9] 吕丽华, 董志强, 张经廷, 张丽华, 梁双波, 贾秀领, 姚海坡. 水氮对冬小麦-夏玉米产量及氮利用效应研究. 中国农业科学, 2014, 47(19): 3839-3849.

LÜ L H, DONG Z Q, ZHANG J T, ZHANG L H, LIANG S B, JIA X L, YAO H P. Effect of water and nitrogen on yield and nitrogen utilization of winter wheat and summer maize. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2014, 47(19): 3839-3849. (in Chinese)

[10] JU X T, XING G X, CHEN X P, ZHANG S L, ZHANG L J, LIU X J, CUI Z L, YIN B, CHRISTIE P, ZHU Z L, ZHANG F S. Reducing environmental risk by improving N management in intensive Chinese agricultural systems. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2009, 106(9): 3041-3046.

[11] GUO J H, LIU X J, ZHANG Y, SHEN L J, HAN W H, ZHANG W F, CHRISTIE P, GOULDING K W T, VITOUSEK P M, ZHANG F S. Significant acidification in major Chinese croplands. Science, 2010, 327(5968): 1008-1010.

[12] 刘恩洪. 腐殖酸肥的特点及应用. 河北农业科技, 2008(17): 44.

LIU E H. Characteristics and application of humic acid fertilizer. Hebei Agricultural Science and Technology, 2008(17): 44. (in Chinese)

[13] 梁宗存, 成邵鑫, 武丽萍. 煤中腐殖酸与尿素相互作用机理的研究. 燃料化学学报, 1999, 27(2): 176-181.

LIANG Z C, CHENG S X, WU L P. Study on the interaction mechanism of humic acid and urea in coal. Journal of Fuel Chemistry and Technology, 1999, 27(2): 176-181. (in Chinese)

[14] 孙克刚, 张梦, 李玉顺. 腐殖酸尿素对冬小麦增产效果及氮肥利用率的影响. 腐殖酸, 2016(3): 18-21.

SUN K G, ZHANG M, LI Y S. Effects of urea humate on winter-wheat yield increase and utilization rate of nitrogen fertilizer. Humic Acid, 2016(3): 18-21. (in Chinese)

[15] 许俊香, 邹国元, 孙钦平, 高利娟, 刘本生, 李吉进. 腐殖酸尿素对土壤氨挥发和玉米生长的影响. 土壤通报, 2013(4): 934-939.

XU J X, ZOU G Y, SUN Q P, GAO L J, LIU B S, LI J J. Effect of humic acid urea on soil ammonia volatilization and maize growth. Chinese Journal of Soil Science, 2013(4): 934-939. (in Chinese)

[16] 刘增兵, 赵秉强, 林治安. 腐殖酸尿素氨挥发特性及影响因素研究. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2010, 16(1): 208-213.

LIU Z B, ZHAO B Q, LIN Z A. Ammonia volatilization characteristics and related affecting factors of humic acid urea. Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science, 2010, 16(1): 208-213. (in Chinese)

[17] 郝青, 梁亚勤, 刘二保. 腐殖酸复混肥对玉米产量及土壤肥力的影响. 山西农业科学, 2012, 40(8): 853-856.

HAO Q, LIANG Y Q, LIU E B. Effects of humic acid compound fertilizer on maize yield and soil fertility. Journal of Shanxi Agricultural Sciences, 2012, 40(8): 853-856. (in Chinese)

[18] 孙建好, 郭天文, 杨思存, 李娟. 腐殖酸类肥料对小麦/大豆带田产量的影响. 甘肃农业科技, 2001(1): 35-36.

SUN J H, GUO T W, YANG S C, LI J. Effect of humic acid fertilizer on soybean yield of intercropped wheat. Gansu Agricultural Science and Technology, 2001(1): 35-36. (in Chinese)

[19] 张丽珍, 陈伟, 史静, 刘建荣, 王德宏, 陈本建. 腐殖酸钠对紫花苜蓿生长及生物量的影响. 草业科学, 2016, 33(1): 101-115.

ZHANG L Z, CHEN W, SHI J, LIU J R, WANG D H, CHEN B J. Effects of sodium humate on growth and biomass of alfalfa. Pratacultural Science, 2016, 33(1): 101-115. (in Chinese)

[20] 张丽珍, 陈本建, 李旭鹏, 汪茜, 武慧娟. 腐殖酸钠对紫花苜蓿营养品质的影响. 草原与草坪, 2015, 35(6): 71-77.

ZHANG L Z, CHEN B J, LI X P, WANG Q, WU H J. Effects of sodium humate on nutrient quality of alfalfa. Grassland and Turf, 2015, 35(6): 71-77. (in Chinese)

[21] 李丽, 武丽萍, 成绍鑫. 腐殖酸对磷肥增效作用的研究概况. 腐殖酸, 1998(4): 1-4.

LI L, WU L P, CHENG S X. Positive effect of humic acid to phosphate fertilizer. Humic Acid,1998(4): 1-4. (in Chinese)

[22] 王振川, 段惠敏, 赵韵琪. 利用风化煤生产腐殖酸类肥料的研究. 河北化工, 1996(4): 15-17.

WANG Z C, DUAN H M, ZHAO Y Q. Study on the production of humic acid fertilizer from airslake-coal. Hebei Chemical Technology, 1996(4): 15-17. (in Chinese)

[23] 陈玉玲. 腐殖酸对植物生理活动的影响. 植物学通报, 2000, 17(1): 11-16.

CHEN Y L. Effects of humic acids on physiological activities of plants. Chinese Bulletin of Botany, 2000, 17(1): 11-16. (in Chinese)

[24] 刘秀梅, 张夫道, 冯兆滨, 张树清, 何绪生, 王茹芳, 王玉军. 风化煤腐殖酸对氮、磷、钾的吸附和解吸特性. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2005, 11(5): 641-646.

LIU X M, ZHANG F D, FENG Z B, ZHANG S Q, HE X S, WANG R F, WANG Y J. N, P and K adsorption and desorption characteristics of humic acids made from the airslake-coal. Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science, 2005, 11(5): 641-646. (in Chinese)

[25] 彭少兵, 黄建良, 钟旭华, 杨建昌, 王光火, 邹应斌, 张福锁, 朱庆森, Roland B, Christian W. 提高中国稻田氮肥利用率的研究策略. 中国农业科学, 2002, 35(9): 1095-1103.

PENG S B, HUANG J L, ZHONG X H, YANG J C, WANG G H, ZOU Y B, ZHANG F S, Zhu Q S, Roland B, Christian W. Research strategy in improving fertilizer-nitrogen use efficiency of irrigated rice in China. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2002, 35(9): 1095-1103. (in Chinese)

[26] 邹娟, 鲁剑巍, 陈防, 李银水. 长江流域油菜氮磷钾肥料利用率现状研究. 作物学报, 2011, 37(4): 729-734.

ZOU J, LU J W, CHEN F, LI Y S. Status of nutrient use efficiencies of rapeseed in the Yangtze River Basin. Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2011, 37(4): 729-734. (in Chinese)

[27] JUDITH N, ADRIEN N, MARTIN H. Variations in corn yield and nitrogen uptake in relation to soil attributes and nitrogen availability indices. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 2009, 73(1): 317-327.

[28] PRESTERLl T, GROH S, LANDBECK M. Nitrogen uptake and utilization efficiency of European maize hybrids developed under conditions of low and high nitrogen input. Plant Breed, 2002, 121(6): 480-486.

[29] 徐钰, 江丽华, 林海涛, 谭德水, 郑福丽, 高新昊, 刘兆辉. 不同氮肥运筹对玉米产量、效益及土壤硝态氮含量的影响. 土壤通报, 2011, 5(42): 1196-1199.

XU Y, JIANG L H, LIN H T, TAN D S, ZHENG F L, GAO X H, LIU Z H. Effects of different nitrogen regulation on maize yield, economic benefit and the content of soil nitrate-N. Chinese Journal of Soil Science, 2011, 5(42): 1196-1199. (in Chinese)

[30] 刘恩科, 赵秉强, 胡昌浩, 李秀英, 张夫道. 长期不同施肥制度对玉米产量和品质的影响. 中国农业科学, 2004, 37(5): 711-716.

LIU E K, ZHAO B Q, HU C H, LI X Y, ZHANG F D. Effects of long-term fertilization systems on yield and quality of maize. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2004, 37(5): 711-716. (in Chinese)

[31] 孙占祥, 邹晓锦, 张鑫, 安景文. 施氮量对玉米产量和氮素利用效率及土壤硝态氮累积的影响. 玉米科学, 2011, 19(5): 119-123.

SUN Z X, ZOU X J, ZHANG X, AN J W. Effects of maize yield and application on N utilization and content of soil nitrate. Journal of Maize Sciences, 2011, 19(5): 119-123. (in Chinese)

[32] 王友华, 许海涛, 许波, 张海申, 冯晓曦. 施用氮肥对玉米产量构成因素及其根系生长的影响. 中国土壤与肥料, 2010(3): 55-57．

WANG Y H, XU H T, XU B, ZHANG H S, FENG X X. Effects of nitrogen application on yield components and root growth of maize. Soil and Fertilizer Sciences in China, 2010(3): 55-57. (in Chinese)

[33] 李潮海, 刘奎, 周苏玫, 栾丽敏. 不同施肥条件下夏玉米光合对生理生态因子的响应. 作物学报. 2002, 28(2): 265-269.

LI C H, LIU K, ZHOU S M, LUAN L M. Response of photosynthesis to eco-physiological factors of summer maize on different fertilizer amounts. Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2002, 28(2): 265-269. (in Chinese)

[34] 陈振德, 何金明, 李祥云, 陈建美. 施用腐殖酸对提高玉米氮肥利用率的研究. 中国生态农业学报, 2007, 1(15): 52-54.

CHEN Z D, HE J M, LI X Y, CHEN J M. Studies on increasing N utilizing efficiency in maize by applying humic acid. Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture, 2007, 1(15): 52-54. (in Chinese)

[35] 朱兆良, 文启孝. 中国土壤氮素. 南京: 江苏科技出版社, 1992: 228-231.

ZHU Z L, WEN Q X. Soil Nitrogen in China. Jiangsu: Jiangsu Science and Technology Press, 1992: 228-231. (in Chinese)

[36] 张福锁, 王激清, 张卫峰, 崔振岭, 马文奇, 陈新平, 江荣风. 中国主要粮食作物肥料利用率现状与提高途径. 土壤学报, 2008, 45(5): 915-924.

ZHANG F S, WANG J Q, ZHANG W F, CUI Z L, MA W Q, CHEN X P, JIANG R F. Nutrient use efficiencies of major cereal crops in China and measures for improvement. Acta Pedologica Sinica, 2008, 45(5): 915-924. (in Chinese)

[37] 王宜伦, 李潮海, 谭金芳. 超高产夏玉米植株氮素积累特征及一次性施肥效果研究. 中国农业科学. 2010, 43(15): 3151-3158.

WANG Y L, LI C H, TAN J F. Studies on plant nitrogen accumulation characteristics and the effect of single application of base fertilizer on super-high-yield summer maize. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2010, 43(15): 3151-3158. (in Chinese)

[38] 赵士诚, 裴雪霞, 何萍. 氮肥减量后移对土壤氮素供应和夏玉米氮素吸收利用的影响. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2010, 16(2): 492-497．

ZHAO S C, PEI X X, HE P. Effects of reducing and postponing nitrogen application on soil N supply plant N uptake and utilization of summer maize. Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science, 2010, 16(2): 492-497. (in Chinese)

[39] 王宜伦, 李潮海, 何萍, 金继运, 韩燕来, 张许, 谭金芳. 超高产夏玉米养分限制因子及养分吸收积累规律研究. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2010, 16(3): 559-566.

WANG Y L, LI C H, HE P, JIN J Y, HAN Y L, ZHANG X, TAN J F. Nutrient restrictive factors and accumulation of super-high-yield summer maize. Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science, 2010, 16(3): 559-566. (in Chinese)