中国农业科学 ›› 2017, Vol. 50 ›› Issue (4): 657-668.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2017.04.006

• 耕作栽培·生理生化·农业信息技术 • 上一篇    下一篇

农业物联网体系结构与应用领域研究进展

郑纪业1,2,阮怀军2,封文杰2,许世卫1

 
  

  1. 1中国农业科学院农业信息研究所,北京 100081;2山东省农业科学院科技信息研究所,济南 250100
  • 收稿日期:2016-07-27 出版日期:2017-02-16 发布日期:2017-02-16
  • 通讯作者: 许世卫,E-mail:xushiwei@caas.cn
  • 作者简介:郑纪业,E-mail:jiyezheng@163.com
  • 基金资助:
    国家科技支撑计划(2014BAD08B05)

Agricultural IOT Architecture and Application Model Research

ZHENG JiYe1,2, RUAN HuaiJun2, FENG WenJie2, XU ShiWei1   

  1. 1Agricultural Information Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081; 2S&T Information Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100
  • Received:2016-07-27 Online:2017-02-16 Published:2017-02-16

摘要: 农业物联网是计算机、互联网、移动通信等信息技术在农业领域的高度集成和具体应用,是农业信息化、智能化的必要条件。随着农业物联网产业发展,各种农业物联网系统层出不穷,由于缺乏对整个农业物联网系统层次结构的分析,导致当前各农业物联网应用呈现出碎片化、垂直化、异构化等问题。如何从农业物联网各种应用需求中统一抽取出系统的组成部件以及它们之间的组织关系,建立农业物联网体系结构,实现农业物联网设计与实现方法的统一是当前急需解决的问题。文中从农业物联网的概念发展、基本特征、体系结构研究现状等方面进行深入分析后认为,当前各个国家与机构制订的物联网发展和管理计划对科研人员从事物联网研究与应用开发起到了很好的引导作用,但是都没有指出设计与实现物联网系统的具体方法,并且农业生产环境的多样性和生产流程的复杂性决定了必须统筹考虑农业各行业的具体应用特点来建立农业物联网体系结构。为此在文章中首先讨论了农业物联网体系结构构建原则包括可扩展性、可复用性、安全性和可靠性等,在此基础上结合农业产业的具体需求及工程实践经验,进一步划分农业物联网的基本结构,提出五层农业物联网结构模型,该模型由下至上划分为感知层、接入层、网络层、数据层及应用层五层,各层对应不同的通信协议,农业物联网层次结构模型与协议体系的配套构成了农业物联网体系结构。该体系结构与传统的三层、四层物联网体系结构相比,增加的农业物联网接入层针对泛在环境中多数物体的资源和计算能力受限问题,着重强调了底层异构感知网络与网络层的无缝连接,可以有效屏蔽底层异构感知网络的复杂性,并提供统一的抽象管理接口,为农业物联网硬件感知系统的快速搭建提供便利。增加的农业物联网数据共享层,主要针对当前农业物联网系统存在垂直化、封闭化导致不同系统之间农业数据资源无法共享,农业生产、经营、管理、服务历史数据无法得到充分利用,形成信息孤岛问题,通过面向服务的数据资源共享架构,为各农业物联网应用系统间数据交换与共享提供有效解决方案。五层农业物联网体系结构中各层功能更加清晰独立,有利于各层服务器之间的网络负载均衡,降低企业网络的通信负担。随后提取农业各行业应用的共性问题,按照监测对象的不同,分析了农业生产环境监控物联网、动植物生命信息监控物联网、农产品质量安全追溯物联网、农机作业监控物联网等不同应用的研究现状和涉及的主要技术。从农业物联网体系结构角度出发,可以发现当前农业物联网各领域研究与应用存在两方面的问题,一方面是异构网络接入层硬件网关研究较多,嵌入式网关中间件研究应用相对较少的问题;另一方面是农业物联网数据共享层研究应用严重缺失,各应用系统通常将感知层获取的数据直接发送至农业物联网应用层,缺乏对感知数据的深度挖掘和分析,难以达到进一步指导农业生产的效果。最后讨论了未来农业物联网技术研究和应用发展的重点方向。

关键词: 农业物联网, 体系结构, 层次模型, 应用领域, 发展方向

Abstract: Agricultural Internet of Things (AIoT) is the highly integrated information technology such as computer, internet and mobile communication’s application in agricultural field, and it is the essential condition for the agricultural informatization and intelligent. With the development of AIoT industry, there appears an endless stream of AIoT application systems, because of the lack of analysis for AIoT system’s whole architecture, the current AIoT application presents the fractional, vertical and heterogeneous characteristics. Extracting the system components and their relationship from various AIoT applications, and establishing AIoT system architecture, to achieve the AIoT’s design and realization method’s unification are urgent problems need to be solved. The paper analyzed the AIoT’s concepts, basic features and system structure research status, and found that the IoT development and management plans from different countries and institutes played good guidance for the related researchers, however, they didn’t give the specific methods that can design and realize the IoT systems, and furthermore agricultural environment’s diversity and complexity determine that AIoT architecture’s establishment must consider agricultural industries characteristics as a whole. Therefore, the paper firstly discussed the agricultural architecture building principles including extensibility, reusability, safety and reliability and so on, then combined with the specific needs of agricultural industry and experiences from engineering practices, put forward an AIoT hierarchical structure model, the model is divided into five layers from the bottom to the up, they are perception layer, access layer, network layer, data layer and application layer, respectively, and each layer corresponds to different communication protocols. And pointed out that AIOT hierarchical model and the corresponding protocol architecture constitute the AIoT architecture. Compared with the traditional three layers and four layers architecture, the proposed architecture added the access layer and data layer. Aiming at the problem that the majority objects in the ubiquitous environment have limited resources and computing power, the access layer emphasized that the underlying heterogeneous sensor networks can connect to the network layer seamlessly, it provides a unified abstract management interface to shield the complexity of the underlying heterogeneous sensor networks, and reduces the difficulty of building AIOT perception system. For the problem of agricultural data can not be fully used in current AIoT systems, and formed the information islands, the data layer designed and realized a service oriented architecture to solve the data exchange and sharing problems among different AIoT systems. Overall the five layers architecture’s functionalities are more independent, it is advantageous to the network load balancing between each layer, and reducing the burden of enterprise network communications. Aiming at the common problems of the application of agricultural industries, according to the different objects to be monitored, analyzed the agricultural production environment monitoring IoT, plant and animal life information monitoring IoT, agricultural products quality detection and the quality safety tracing IoT, agricultural machinery operation monitoring IoT’s present research situation and main technologies involved. From the perspective of agricultural application architecture, it was found that the current researches are more concentrated on the gateway hardware, and the embedded gateway middleware application is relatively few on the one hand, on the other hand the AIOT data sharing layer’s research is seriously lacking, each application system usually sent the perceive data directly to the AIOT application layer, therefore it is difficult to achieve the effect of further guiding to agricultural production for the lack of data mining and analysis. Finally, the paper discussed the further research and application direction of the AIoT technology.

Key words: agricultural internet of things, system structure, architecture model, application area, development direction