不同栽培技术因子对雨养春玉米产量与氮素效率差异的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2020.15.005

中国农业科学 ›› 2020, Vol. 53 ›› Issue (15): 3036-3047.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2020.15.005

• 专题：综合农艺管理与春玉米缩差增效 • 上一篇下一篇

不同栽培技术因子对雨养春玉米产量与氮素效率差异的影响

曹玉军¹(),姚凡云¹,王丹²,吕艳杰¹,刘小丹¹,王立春¹,王永军^1,²(),李从锋³()

¹吉林省农业科学院农业资源与环境研究所/玉米国家工程实验室,长春 130033
²吉林农业大学农学院,长春 130030
³中国农业科学院作物科学研究所,北京 100081

收稿日期:2020-05-09 接受日期:2020-06-15 出版日期:2020-08-01 发布日期:2020-08-06
通讯作者: 王永军,李从锋
作者简介:曹玉军,E-mail： caoyujun828@163.com。
基金资助:
国家重点研发计划项目(2016YFD0300103);国家自然科学基金(31701349);国家玉米产业技术体系(CARS-02-16)

Effects of Different Agronomy Factors on Yield Gap and Nitrogen Efficiency Gap of Spring Maize Under Rain-Fed Conditions

CAO YuJun¹(),YAO FanYun¹,WANG Dan²,LÜ YanJie¹,LIU XiaoDan¹,WANG LiChun¹,WANG YongJun^1,²(),LI CongFeng³()

¹Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Jilin Academy of Agriculture Sciences/State Engineering Laboratory of Maize, Changchun 130033
²College of Agronomy, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130030
³Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081

Received:2020-05-09 Accepted:2020-06-15 Online:2020-08-01 Published:2020-08-06
Contact: YongJun WANG,CongFeng LI

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】探明不同产量水平模式中增（减）技术因子对玉米产量、养分效率的影响并明确其优先序,以期为不同生产水平玉米产量及氮素效率缩差增效提供理论依据。【方法】通过调研农户、高产高效和超高产3个产量水平的生产模式,确定了种植密度、耕作方式、氮素管理、品种是不同生产模式玉米产量与氮素效率提升的主要技术因子,在此基础上设置了超高产（SH）、高产高效（HH）和农户（FP）3个不同产量水平的综合管理技术模式,针对不同模式中的技术因子设计了裂区试验,以耕作方式为主区、品种为副区,氮肥管理为副副区、密度为副副副区,分析增（减）技术因子对不同生产模式玉米产量及氮素效率的技术贡献率。【结果】FP模式中技术因子对产量贡献率的大小依次为氮素管理、种植密度、土壤耕作、品种,贡献率分别为9.9%、6.0%、4.4%和2.5%;HH模式中栽培措施对产量贡献率的大小依次为种植密度、氮素管理、土壤耕作、品种,贡献率分别为7.7%、5.2%、4.5%和3.5%;SH模式中栽培措施对产量贡献率大小依次为种植密度、土壤耕作、氮素管理、品种,贡献率分别为8.9%、7.3%、6.5%和4.3%。而3种模式中,栽培技术因子对氮素效率贡献率从高到低依次均为氮素管理、种植密度、土壤耕作、品种。其中,FP模式的氮素管理、种植密度、土壤耕作、品种对氮素效率的贡献率分别为30.5%、6.0%、4.4%和2.5%,HH模式分别为19.7%、7.7%、4.7%和4.5%,SH模式分别为25.4%、8.3%、6.5%和4.5%。【结论】技术因子对产量的贡献在不同模式中的优先序不同,不同管理水平下产量差由多因素共同作用形成,技术因子间具有协同效应。当前农户水平下氮素管理方式对产量的贡献率居首位,高产水平下种植密度和土壤耕作对产量贡献较大,而不同产量水平下氮素效率差异主要取决于氮肥管理方式。

关键词: 栽培技术因子, 雨养, 春玉米, 产量差, 氮素效率差

Abstract:

【Objective】In order to provide a theoretical basis for the further improvement of the yield and nutrient efficiency of different maize production levels, the effects of the increasing and decreasing measures on the yield and nutrient efficiency of maize under different technical modes were explored, and the technical priorities were clarified. 【Method】 By investigating the yield level and technical mode of farmers, high-yield and high-efficiency, as well as super high yield, it was clear that planting density, cultivation measures, nitrogen management and varieties were the main measures to limit the yield and efficiency improvement of maize at different production levels. On the basis, three technical models of super high yield (SH), high-yield and high-efficiency (HH) and farmer household (FP) were set up. According to the measure factors under different technical modes, the split area experiment was carried out, in which the tillage method was the main plot, the variety was sub-plot, the nitrogen fertilizer management was sub-sub-plot, and the density was sub-sub-sub-plot.【Result】Under the FP model, the priority order of technical measures to yield contribution was nitrogen management, planting density, soil tillage, and variety, while the contribution rate to yield was 9.9%, 6.0%, 4.4% and 2.5%, respectively. Under the HH model, the priority order of cultivation measures to yield contribution was planting density, nitrogen management, soil tillage, and variety, with the contribution rate of 7.7%, 5.2%, 4.5% and 3.5%, respectively. Under SH mode, the priority order of cultivation measures to yield contribution was planting density, soil tillage, nitrogen management, and variety, with the contribution rate of 8.9%, 7.3%, 6.5% and 4.3%, respectively. Among the three models, the contribution rate of cultivation technical factors to nitrogen efficiency from high to low was nitrogen management, planting density, soil cultivation and variety. Among them, the contribution rate of nitrogen management, planting density, soil tillage and variety to nitrogen efficiency was 30.5%, 6.0%, 4.4% and 2.5% in FP mode, 19.7%, 7.7%, 4.7% and 4.5% in HH mode, 25.4%, 8.3%, 6.5% and 4.5% in SH mode, respectively.【Conclusion】There was no fixed priority order for the contribution of technical factors to the yield. The formation of yield gap under different management levels was affected by multiple factors, and the technical factors had synergistic effect. Under the management of farmer's level, the contribution rate of nitrogen management to the yield ranked first, while the contribution of planting density and soil tillage to the yield was greater under the higher management level. However, the nutrient efficiency gap was mainly caused by nitrogen management, and the contribution rate of nitrogen management to nutrient efficiency ranked the first at different yield levels.

Key words: agronomy factor, rain-fed, spring maize, yield gap, nitrogen efficiency gap

曹玉军,姚凡云,王丹,吕艳杰,刘小丹,王立春,王永军,李从锋. 不同栽培技术因子对雨养春玉米产量与氮素效率差异的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2020, 53(15): 3036-3047.

CAO YuJun,YAO FanYun,WANG Dan,LÜ YanJie,LIU XiaoDan,WANG LiChun,WANG YongJun,LI CongFeng. Effects of Different Agronomy Factors on Yield Gap and Nitrogen Efficiency Gap of Spring Maize Under Rain-Fed Conditions[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2020, 53(15): 3036-3047.

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技术模式 Technique mode	种植密度 Planting density (×10⁴plants/hm²)	耕作方式 Tillage method	肥料 Fertilizer	总用量 Total amount (kg·hm^-2)	肥料施用时期和施用比例 Fertilizer application period and application ratio
技术模式 Technique mode	种植密度 Planting density (×10⁴plants/hm²)	耕作方式 Tillage method	肥料 Fertilizer	总用量 Total amount (kg·hm^-2)	播前 Before sowing	拔节 Jointing stage	大喇叭口期 Bell stage	吐丝期 Silking stage
FP	6.0	浅旋15 cm Shallow rotary (15 cm)	氮肥N	270	100%	–	–	–
			磷肥P₂O₅	120	100%	–	–	–
			钾肥K₂O	120	100%	–	–	–
HH	7.5	深松/深翻 Deep tillage	氮肥N	225	20%	30%	30%	30%
			磷肥P₂O₅	120	100%	–	–	–
			钾肥K₂O	120	100%	–	–	–
			有机肥 Organic fertilizer	15000	100%	–	–	–
SH	9.0	深松/深翻 Deep tillage	氮肥N	360	40%	30%	–	30%
			磷肥P₂O₅	120	100%	–	–	–
			钾肥K₂O	120	100%	–	–	–
			有机肥 Organic fertilizer	15000	100%	–	–	–

技术模式 Technical mode	技术因子 Technique factor	2017		2018		平均Average
技术模式 Technical mode	技术因子 Technique factor	产量差 Yield gap (kg·hm^-2)	贡献率Contribution rate (%)	产量差 Yield gap (kg·hm^-2)	贡献率 Contribution rate (%)	产量差 Yield gap (kg·hm^-2)		贡献率 Contribution rate (%)
FP	与FP比较 Compared with the FP
	+土壤耕作 +Tillage	361.9	3.5	523.6	5.1	442.8		4.4
	+氮肥管理 +N management	1050.5	10.3	960	9.5	1005.3		9.9
	+密度 +Density	770.8	7.6	440.9	4.4	609.9		6.0
	+品种 +Variety	294.6	2.9	205.7	2.1	250.2		2.5
HH	与HH比较 Compared with the FP
	-土壤耕作 -Tillage	-594.0	-4.7	-678.1	-5.7	-571.1	-5.2
	-氮肥管理 -N management	-556.2	-4.4	-513.8	-4.3	-510.0	-4.4
	-密度 -Density	-1209.3	-9.6	-1279.1	-10.8	-1244.2	-10.2
	++密度 ++Density	760.6	6.0	483.8	4.1	622.2	5.1
	+品种 +Variety	434.5	3.5	599.8	5.1	542.2	4.3
SH	与SH比较 Compared with the SH
	-土壤耕作 -Tillage	-498.5	-3.6	-1182.7	-9.1	-840.6	-6.5
	-氮肥管理 -N management	-1114.1	-8.0	-833.1	-6.4	-973.6	-7.3
	-密度 -Density	-1507.0	-10.9	-908.3	-6.9	-1207.7	-8.9
	+品种 +Variety	557.4	4.0	799.2	6.2	678.3	5.1

技术模式 Technical mode	技术因子 Measure factor	2017		2018		平均 Average
技术模式 Technical mode	技术因子 Measure factor	效率差 Efficiency gap (kg·kg^-1)	贡献率 Contribution rate (%)	效率差 Efficiency gap (kg·kg^-1)	贡献率 Contribution rate (%)	效率差 Efficiency gap （kg·kg^-1）	贡献率 Contribution rate (%)
FP	与FP比较 Compared with the FP
	+土壤耕作 +Tillage	1.3	3.5	1.9	5.1	1.64	4.4
	+氮肥管理 +N management	12.2	31.2	11.8	29.8	12.0	30.5
	+密度 +Density	2.8	7.6	1.6	4.5	2.2	6.0
	+品种 +Variety	1.1	2.9	0.8	2.1	0.9	2.5
HH	与HH比较 Compared with the HH
	-土壤耕作 -Tillage	-2.6	-4.7	-3.0	-5.7	-2.8	-5.2
	-氮肥管理 -N management	-10.7	-19.0	-10.7	-20.3	-10.7	-19.7
	-密度 -Density	-5.4	-9.6	-5.7	-10.8	-5.5	-10.2
	++密度 ++Density	3.6	6.0	2.2	4.1	2.9	5.2
	+品种 +Variety	1.9	3.5	2.8	5.1	2.4	4.3
SH	与SH比较 Compared with the SH
	-土壤耕作 -Tillage	-1.4	-3.6	-3.3	-9.1	-2.3	-6.4
	-氮肥管理 -N management	8.7	23.5	8.9	27.3	8.8	25.4
	-密度 -Density	-4.2	-10.9	-2.5	-6.9	-3.4	-8.9
	+品种 +Variety	1.5	4.0	2.2	6.2	1.9	5.1

不同栽培技术因子对雨养春玉米产量与氮素效率差异的影响

Effects of Different Agronomy Factors on Yield Gap and Nitrogen Efficiency Gap of Spring Maize Under Rain-Fed Conditions

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