安徽省冬油菜的施肥现状及肥料利用率

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2020.10.010

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】冬油菜是我国重要的油料作物,合理施肥是保证冬油菜产量的重要措施。明确当前冬油菜的施肥现状和存在问题指导科学施肥。【方法】以安徽省冬油菜种植为例,于2017—2018年在全省冬油菜主产区进行农户抽样调查,调查内容包括：肥料品种、肥料用量、施肥方式、种植面积和产量水平。根据调查结果进行统计分析当前油菜种植过程中的施肥情况,并以全省冬油菜平均产量和平均施肥量为基准,采用Cate-Nelson方法（十字交叉法）评估冬油菜氮、磷和钾肥施用与油菜产量的关系,以此探索冬油菜种植中施肥增产增效的主要途径。【结果】调查结果表明,安徽省油菜种植中均施用了化肥,施用有机肥农户比例为59.0%。全省化学氮、磷和钾肥平均用量为160、63和65 kg·hm^-2。总的来说,全省化肥平均用量更加趋于合理化,但是施肥分级结果表明全省依然存在氮、磷和钾肥施肥不足和过量的现象。全省化肥施用方式以人工施肥为主,机械化施肥比例较低。Cate-Nelson分析方法结果表明,全省仅有23.8%、20.2%和21.0%农户在冬油菜种植中实现了氮、磷、钾肥高产高效。这说明全省冬油菜种植中增产增效还有很大的空间。【结论】总的来说,安徽省冬油菜种植中化肥平均用量趋于合理化,但是在施肥方式、养分运筹和肥料品种上面还存在问题。在施肥方式上机械化施肥比例不足,仅为38.8%;在养分运筹上,虽然氮肥用量普遍实现了分次施用,但是以施用两次为主,与油菜养分吸收规律不匹配。除此之外,在施肥品种上存在偏施化肥,有机替代和轻简化施肥比例较低。

关键词: 冬油菜, 施肥现状, 肥料利用率, Cate-Nelson方法, 安徽省

Abstract:

【Objective】 Winter rapeseed is an important oil crop in China, while the rational scientific fertilization is a crucial measure to ensure the yield of winter oilseed rape. Understanding the current situation and existing problems of fertilization in winter rapeseed planting areas of Anhui Province is important to guide rational fertilization. 【Method】Taking winter oilseed rape planting in Anhui Province as example, this study was conducted from farmers in the main winter rape producing areas from 2017 to 2018. The survey included fertilizer varieties, fertilizer usage, fertilization methods and proportion, planting area, and yield level. Based on the survey results, the current fertilization status of winter rape growing areas in Anhui Province was analyzed by Cate-Nelson method to evaluate the yield efficiency of winter rapeseed in Anhui Province, and the main methods to increase yield and efficiency of winter rapeseed in Anhui Province were explored.【Result】The results showed that chemical fertilizers were applied in all farmlands, only 59.0% farmers used organic matter. The results showed that the average yield of winter oilseed rape in Anhui Province was 2 017 kg·hm^-2, and the average nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P₂O₅) and potassium (K₂O) fertilizers were 160, 63, and 65 kg·hm^-2, respectively. To sum up, the average use of N, P₂O₅ and K₂O fertilizers becomes more reasonable, however, the results of fertilizer grading show that the phenomenon of either insufficient or excessive use of N, P₂O₅ and K₂O fertilizers does exist. The fertilizer is mainly distributed by hand, as the mechanized fertilization is not prevalent. Cate-Nelson method (cross-over method) was used to evaluate the energy production efficiency of winter rapeseed in Anhui Province, the results showed that only 23.8%, 20.2% and 21.0% farmers of winter rapeseed in Anhui Province achieved high yield and high efficiency of N, P₂O and K₂O fertilizers. This indicated there was still much room for increasing yield and efficiency of rapeseed in Anhui Province. 【Conclusion】 Referring to the current recommended amount of rapeseed fertilizer, the average amount of chemical fertilizer in winter rapeseed cultivation in Anhui Province became more rational, but did not enough in fertilization methods, nutrient management and organic substitution. Therefore, it needed to take measures to increase of fertilizer efficiency by controlling the total amount, increasing organic fertilizer substitution, promoting the application of special fertilizer, rational nutrient management, encouraging the mechanized fertilization, and so on, to finally achieve high yield of rapeseed yield.

Key words: winter rapeseed, fertilization status, fertilizer utilization rate, Cate-Nelson method, Anhui Province

卜容燕,程燚,王慧,韩上,胡荣根,余忠,李敏,程文龙,孙义祥,王家宝,武际. 安徽省冬油菜的施肥现状及肥料利用率[J]. 中国农业科学, 2020, 53(10): 2034-2044.

BU RongYan,CHENG Yi,WANG Hui,HAN Shang,HU RongGen,YU Zhong,LI Min,CHENG WenLong,SUN YiXiang,WANG JiaBao,WU Ji. Investigation of Present Fertilization Status and Fertilizer Utilization Rate on Rapeseed in Anhui Province[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2020, 53(10): 2034-2044.

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肥料品种 Type of fertilizer	肥料种类 The type of fertilizer	基肥Base fertilizer		追肥Additional fertilizer
肥料品种 Type of fertilizer	肥料种类 The type of fertilizer	样本数 Sample	比例 Percent (%)	样本数 Sample	比例 Percent (%)
化肥 Chemical fertilizer	尿素Urea	41	10.3	367	91.8
	过磷酸钙Super Phosphate	8	2.0	0	0.0
	氯化钾Potassium chloride	2	0.5	10	2.5
	复合肥Compound fertilizer	368	92.0	78	19.5
有机肥 Organic matter	粪肥Night soil	24	6.0	0	0.0
	饼肥Rapeseeds cake	3	0.8	0	0.0
	绿肥Green manure	3	0.8	0	0.0
	商品有机肥Commercial organic fertilizer	8	2.0	0	0.0
	秸秆 Crop straw	196	49.0	0	0.0
总计 Total	单施化肥Total chemical fertilizer	163	40.8	0	0.0
	单施有机肥Total organic matter fertilizer	0	0.0	0	0.0
	化肥+有机肥Chemical + organic matter fertilizer	233	58.3	0	0.0

地点 Site	指标 Index	N	P₂O₅	K₂O	总计 In all	养分比例 Nutrition proportion
沿江 Yanjiang (166)	变幅Rang (kg·hm^-2)	0-383	0-138	0-150	0-525	1﹕0.43﹕0.46
	均值Mean (kg·hm^-2)	149	64	69	285
	变异系数CV (%)	36.1	41.3	41.3	32.7
江淮 Jianghuai (50)	变幅Rang (kg·hm^-2)	27-345	0-113	0-113	68-499	1﹕0.32﹕0.32
	均值Mean (kg·hm^-2)	188	61	61	310
	变异系数CV (%)	37.8	43.7	43.6	27.2
皖南 Wannan (184)	变幅Rang (kg·hm^-2)	4-390	0-240	0-197	7-591	1﹕0.37﹕0.37
	均值Mean (kg·hm^-2)	164	61	60	285
	变异系数CV (%)	30.6	41.9	43.0	28.3
全省 Whole Province (400)	变幅Rang (kg·hm^-2)	0-390	0-240	0-197	0-591	1﹕0.39﹕0.41
	均值Mean (kg·hm^-2)	160	63	65	288
	变异系数CV (%)	41.2	44.8	44.5	30.4

地点 Site	施肥方式 Way of fertilization	比例 Percent (%)	平均产量 Yield (kg·hm^-2)	PFP_N (kg·kg^-1)	PFP_P (kg·kg^-1)	PFP_K (kg·kg^-1)
沿江 Yanjiang (166)	机械machinery	50.5	2242	16.36	45.76	41.52
沿江 Yanjiang (166)	人工Artifact	49.5	1989	12.75	28.83	26.17
江淮 Jianghuai (50)	机械machinery	27.6	2113	14.09	37.07	37.07
江淮 Jianghuai (50)	人工Artifact	72.4	1949	9.65	33.03	33.03
皖南 Wannan (184)	机械machinery	27.7	2164	13.12	36.07	36.07
皖南 Wannan (184)	人工Artifact	72.3	1883	11.08	30.87	30.87

地点 Site	指标 Index	氮肥 N			钾肥 K₂O
地点 Site	指标 Index	比例^1） Proportion (%)	基肥 Base fertilizer	追肥 Additional fertilizer	比例^1） Proportion (%)	基肥 Base fertilizer	追肥 Additional fertilizer
沿江 Yanjiang (166)	变幅Rang (kg·hm^-2)		23-155	23-183		42-135	22-75
	均值Mean (kg·hm^-2)		74	91		60	15
	变异系数CV (%)		25.6	32.6		30.9	45.2
		93.2		93.2	31.4
江淮 Jianghuai (50)	变幅Rang (kg·hm^-2)		54-209	35-161		0-112
	均值Mean (kg·hm^-2)		88	98		61
	变异系数CV (%)		42	43.1		32.5
		100.0		100.0	0
皖南 Wannan (184)	变幅Rang (kg·hm^-2)		3-185	1-276		29-246	7-308
	均值Mean (kg·hm^-2)		66	98		89	53
	变异系数CV (%)		29.1	39.7		37	54.6
		100.0		100.0	19.7