断奶日龄和日粮营养水平对陕北白绒山羊小肠 形态发育和消化酶活性的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2019.19.015

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】 研究断奶日龄和饲喂不同营养水平的日粮对6月龄陕北白绒羔羊小肠形态发育和小肠道主要消化酶活性的影响。间接阐明陕北白绒山羊最佳断奶日龄和饲养标准,为两年三胎体系中羔羊早期断奶和日粮配制提供一定的技术参数和理论依据。【方法】 选取54日龄左右健康、体重相近（（10.73±1.03）kg）的陕北白绒山羊羔羊54只,随机分为6组,每组3个重复,每个重复3只羊。试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组羔羊分别于90、75、60日龄断奶,断奶后饲喂标准日粮;试验Ⅳ、Ⅴ、Ⅵ组羔羊均于60日龄断奶,断奶后分别饲喂消化能和粗蛋白水平为标准日粮85%、115%、130%的试验日粮。试验羊饲喂至6月龄,试验期间测定羔羊体重和采食量。试验结束后,从每个重复中随机挑选1只羊进行屠宰（屠宰前未禁食）,分别采集十二指肠中上部、空肠中段、回肠末端组织样品2 cm ²,制成石蜡切片观察小肠形态;采集小肠各段食糜用于测定其胰蛋白酶、糜蛋白酶、脂肪酶、麦芽糖酶、蔗糖酶和α-淀粉酶的活性。【结果】（1）断奶日龄影响4—6月龄羔羊生长,Ⅲ组羔羊平均日增重显著高于Ⅰ组（P＜0.05）。（2）断奶日龄影响6月龄羔羊小肠的组织形态,十二指肠的肌层厚度和空肠绒毛表面积Ⅲ组显著高于Ⅰ和Ⅱ组（P＜0.05）;十二指肠绒毛宽度、回肠绒毛宽度Ⅱ、Ⅲ组显著高于Ⅰ组（P＜0.05）。（3）断奶日龄影响小肠内消化酶的活性,十二指肠和回肠中脂肪酶活、空肠和回肠中的糜蛋白酶活性Ⅲ组显著高于Ⅰ和Ⅱ组（P＜0.05）。（4）日粮营养水平影响小肠组织形态,十二指肠的绒毛高度、绒毛宽度、肌层厚度、绒毛表面积和空肠的绒毛高度、肌层厚度以及回肠的绒毛高度、V/C等指标Ⅴ和Ⅵ组显著高于Ⅲ组和Ⅳ组（P＜0.01）。（5）日粮营养水平影响小肠内消化酶的活性,十二指肠中糜蛋白酶活、胰蛋白酶活性V组和VI组显著高于Ⅲ组和Ⅳ组（P＜0.05）。空肠中糜蛋白酶活和回肠中胰蛋白酶活V组显著高于其他3组（P＜0.05）。【结论】本试验条件下,就陕北白绒山羊生长性能、小肠形态发育以及主要消化酶活性等指标而言,60日龄断奶最佳;4—6月龄断奶羔羊日粮消化能和蛋白水平按现行饲养标准的1.15倍设置为宜。

关键词: 陕北白绒山羊, 营养水平, 断奶日龄, 小肠形态, 消化酶活性

Abstract:

【Objective】 This study aimed to investigate the effects of weaning age and dietary nutritional levels on intestinal morphology and activity of major digestive enzymes of 6-month-old Shaanbei white Cashmere goats.【Method】 Fifty-four Shaanbei White Cashmere female goats aged 54 days (live body weight was (10.73±1.03)kg) were randomly assigned to 6 groups, with 3 replications per group and 3 goats per replication. Group I, II, and III were fed standard diets, and the weaning age was 90 d, 75 d and 60 d, respectively. Goats in group IV, V and VI were all weaned at 60 d, and were fed diet with 85%, 115%, 130% digestive energy and protein levels of the standard diets, resptectively. Goats were fed to 6-month-old. At the end of the trial period, 1 goat were randomly selected from each replicate for slaughter (no fasting before slaughter), and 2 cm ² tissue samples were collected from upper middle section of duodenum, middle jejunum and distal ileum, respectively. Paraffin sections of sampling tissues were made to observe the morphology of the small intestine. Chyme from each segment of the small intestine was collected for the determination of the enzymes activity of trypsin, chymotrypsin, lipase, alpha-amylase, sucrase and maltase.【Result】 The results showed that: (1) Weaning age affected growth performance of lamb in 4-6 month. The lamb average daily gain of group Ⅲ was significantly greater than that of groupⅠ(P＜0.05). (2) Weaning age affected small intestine histological morphology of 6- month-old lambs. Muscular layer thickness of duodenum and villi surface area of jejunum of group Ⅲ was significantly greater than that of group I or group II (P＜0.05);the villi width of duodenum and the villi width of ileum groupII and group III was significantly higher than that of group I (P＜0.05). (3) weaning age affected the activity of digestive enzymes in small intestine. The activity of lipase in duodenum and ileum, the activity of chymotrypsin in jejunum and ileum, group III was significantly higher than that of groupI or group II (P＜0.05). (4) Nutrient level of diets affected small intestine histological morphology of 6-month-old lambs. The villi height, villi width, muscle layer thickness and villi surface area of duodenum, and the villi height, muscle layer thickness of jejunum, and the villi height, ratio of V/C, groupV and group VI was significantly higher than that of group III and group IV (P＜0.01). (5) Nutrient level of diets affected the activity of digestive enzymes in small intestine. The activity of chymotrypsin and trypsase in jejunum of group V and group VI was significantly higher than that of group III and group IV (P＜0.05); the activity of chymotrypsin in jejunum and the activity of trypsase in ileum of group V was significantly higher than that of each other group (P＜0.05). 【Conclusion】 In this study, in terms of growth performance, small intestine morphology and activity of main digestive enzymes in Shaanbei white Cashmere goat, the best weaning time of lamb was at 60 d, and the optimum dietary energy and protein level was recommended to use 1.15 times the setting standard.

Key words: Shaanbei White Cashmere goat, nutritional level, weaning age, small intestinal morphology, activity of digestive enzymes

曲星梅,薛复来,黄晓瑜,张宇,邢晓楠,张恩平. 断奶日龄和日粮营养水平对陕北白绒山羊小肠形态发育和消化酶活性的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2019, 52(19): 3460-3470.

QU XingMei,XUE FuLai,HUANG XiaoYu,ZHANG Yu,XING XiaoNan,ZHANG EnPing. Effects of Weaning Age and Dietary Nutritional Levels on Intestinal Morphology and Activity of Digestive Enzymes in 6-Month-Old Shaanbei White Cashmere Goats[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2019, 52(19): 3460-3470.

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项目 Item	第一阶段 Diet 1				第二阶段 Diet 2
项目 Item	基础日粮 Base	85%	115%	130%	基础日粮 Base	85%	115%	130%
原料成分 Ingredient
玉米 Corn	35.00	28.00	47.00	56.50	23.60	4.00	27.67	32.00
小麦麸 Wheat bran	5.00	4.00	1.50	0.00	6.00	28.00	0.00	0.00
豆油 Soybean oil	1.50	0.00	2.50	3.00	0.00	0.00	2.00	3.00
大豆粕 Soybean meal	2.00	2.00	2.50	4.00	2.96	0.00	8.53	5.00
棉籽粕 Cottonseed meal	0.00	1.00	0.00	1.00	0.56	2.00	0.00	0.00
菜籽粕 Rapeseed meal	0.00	1.00	0.00	2.00	5.00	2.25	0.00	0.00
碳酸钙 CaCO₃	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.09	0.75	0.00	0.00
磷酸氢钙 CaHPO₄	0.30	0.50	0.00	0.00	0.30	0.00	0.30	0.30
食盐（饲料级）NaCl	0.50	0.50	0.50	0.50	0.50	0.50	0.50	0.50
复合预混料¹⁾Premix	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
苜蓿草粉 Alfalfa meal	24.00	7.62	34.50	32.00	10.00	0.00	25.00	49.00
玉米秸秆 Corn straw	30.70	54.38	10.50	0.00	50.00	61.50	35.00	9.20
合计Total	100.00	100.00	100.00	100.00	100.00	100.00	100.00	100.00
干物质 DM	89.10	91.60	90.90	87.30	91.30	88.80	88.80	89.70
总能GE (MJ·kg^-1)	16.66	16.38	16.79	16.89	17.45	17.35	17.68	17.96
消化能²⁾ DE (MJ·kg^-1)	10.45	8.87	11.97	13.50	9.03	8.06	10.26	11.51
粗蛋白CP	10.06	8.85	11.70	13.01	10.38	9.10	11.78	13.47
粗脂肪 EE	2.79	2.31	2.41	2.58	2.37	2.31	2.84	3.84
中性洗涤纤维 NDF	39.56	43.13	37.01	35.63	42.38	43.33	41.69	38.25
酸性洗涤纤维 ADF	24.95	26.33	17.13	15.14	23.13	27.69	21.15	18.95
钙 Ca	0.59	0.50	0.59	0.55	0.47	0.55	0.65	0.70
总磷 TP	0.32	0.34	0.26	0.30	0.35	0.38	0.36	0.38

项目 Items	组别 Groups						SEM	P值 P value
项目 Items	I	II	III	IV	V	VI	SEM	P值 P value
初始体重(54 d) Initial BW (kg)	10.80	10.55	10.40	10.85	10.97	10.82	1.57	0.92
结束体重 (180 d) Final BW (kg)	22.32B	23.10B	23.45B	21.57C	25.58A	24.22AB	1.10	0.01
平均日增重 ADG (g·d^-1)	95.97c	104.58bc	108.75b	89.30d	121.80a	111.67ab	4.59	0.02
干物质采食量 DMI (g·d^-1)	716.06C	767.25B	775.40B	726.58C	830.15A	779.72B	10.55	＜0.001
耗料增重比F/G	7.45b	7.34b	7.15b	8.16a	6.81c	6.98c	0.23	0.04

项目 Item	组别 Group			SEM	P值 P value
项目 Item	I（90 d）	II（75 d）	III（60 d）	SEM	P值 P value
十二指肠 Duodenum
绒毛高度Villus height (μm)	563.93B	724.58A	543.18B	24.03	＜0.001
绒毛宽度Villus width (μm)	70.72b	80.82a	83.51a	2.20	0.046
隐窝深度Crypt depth (μm)	259.20B	372.88A	275.55B	13.85	＜0.001
肌层厚度Muscular thickness	115.90C	182.14B	242.20A	13.79	＜0.001
绒毛高度/隐窝深度V/C	2.17	1.95	1.97	0.05	0.11
表面积Surface area (μm²)	39813.37B	58593.92A	45237.72B	2430.22	＜0.001
空肠Ileum
绒毛高度Villus height (μm)	557.55	531.58	582.76	14.11	0.33
绒毛宽度Villus width (μm)	80.07	83.71	90.19	3.07	0.43
隐窝深度Crypt depth (μm)	340.08	309.74	316.58	8.78	0.38
肌层厚度Muscular thickness (μm)	173.49	205.65	236.60	11.85	0.06
绒毛高度/隐窝深度V/C	1.64	1.72	1.86	0.05	0.22
表面积 Surface area (μm²)	44467.55b	44883.99b	52444.75a	2133.90	0.03
回肠Jejunum
绒毛高度Villus height (μm)	664.13	679.51	653.89	20.69	0.88
绒毛宽度Villus width (μm)	88.82b	105.84a	104.77a	3.01	0.04
隐窝深度Crypt depth (μm)	384.75	343.51	367.68	17.15	0.66
肌层厚度Muscular thickness (μm)	202.18	196.71	170.01	13.37	0.60
绒毛高度/隐窝深度V/C	1.73	2.11	1.78	0.08	0.11
表面积Surface area (μm²)	59145.10	73566.13	68485.03	3867.20	0.36

项目 Item		组别 Group			SEM	P值 P value
项目 Item		I（90 d）	II（75 d）	III（60 d）	SEM	P值 P value
α-淀粉酶 α-Amylase (U/mg)	十二指肠Duodenum	0.11a	0.07c	0.09b	0.01	0.02
α-淀粉酶 α-Amylase (U/mg)	空肠Jejunum	0.14a	0.08b	0.09b	0.01	0.03
	回肠Ileum	0.06	0.07	0.08	0.01	0.10
脂肪酶 Lipase (U/mg)	十二指肠Duodenum	9.17b	8.71b	9.95a	0.23	0.05
	空肠Jejunum	7.82	8.39	8.07	0.31	0.21
	回肠Ileum	7.47B	7.23B	8.87A	1.33	0.01
蔗糖酶 Invertase (U/mg)	十二指肠Duodenum	23.05	22.26	21.95	0.45	0.64
	空肠Jejunum	31.01	28.81	26.23	1.50	0.49
	回肠Ileum	24.58	23.43	27.58	1.54	0.59
麦芽糖酶 Maltase (U/mg)	十二指肠Duodenum	8.96	8.77	9.67	0.31	0.52
	空肠Jejunum	13.63	9.46	10.73	1.02	0.26
	回肠Ileum	13.39	8.14	7.66	1.32	0.12
糜蛋白酶 Chympotrypsin (U/mg)	十二指肠Duodenum	8.53	8.87	8.05	0.57	0.06
糜蛋白酶 Chympotrypsin (U/mg)	空肠Jejunum	9.51b	9.14b	10.74a	0.31	0.03
	回肠Ileum	5.34c	6.49b	6.89a	0.26	0.02
胰蛋白酶 Trypsin (U/mg)	十二指肠Duodenum	3.80	3.63	3.57	0.03	0.06
	空肠Jejunum	3.61B	4.19A	3.65B	0.11	0.01
	回肠Ileum	3.51	3.57	3.52	0.02	0.40

项目 Item	组别 Group				SEM	P值 P value
项目 Item	III (100%)	IV (85%)	V (115%)	VI (130%)	SEM	P值 P value
十二指肠 Duodenum
绒毛高度Villus height (μm)	543.18B	498.69B	643.52A	713.82A	20.75	＜0.001
绒毛宽度Villus width (μm)	83.51B	70.43C	93.83A	87.35A	2.43	0.001
隐窝深度Crypt depth (μm)	275.55B	276.85B	250.40B	333.78A	9.05	0.002
肌层厚度Muscular thickness (μm)	242.20B	198.11C	301.16A	272.10A	10.76	0.001
绒毛高度/隐窝深度V/C	1.97BC	1.81C	2.60A	2.15B	0.07	＜0.001
表面积Surface area (μm²)	45237.72B	35137.95C	60451.23A	62454.37A	2809.58	＜0.001
空肠Ileum
绒毛高度Villus height (μm)	582.76B	515.79C	621.48A	674.15A	14.32	＜0.001
绒毛宽度Villus width (μm)	90.19	89.94	91.80	100.43	2.34	0.372
隐窝深度Crypt depth (μm)	316.58a	294.78a	285.84a	251.06b	7.17	0.011
肌层厚度Muscular thickness (μm)	236.60B	183.05C	243.51A	255.68A	7.93	＜0.001
绒毛高度/隐窝深度V/C	1.86C	1.75C	2.18B	2.69A	0.09	＜0.001
表面积μm²Surface area (μm²)	52444.75B	46426.49C	57020.80AB	67775.10A	2244.59	0.002
回肠Jejunum
绒毛高度Villus height (μm)	653.89B	617.89B	752.46A	781.61A	14.60	＜0.001
绒毛宽度Villus width (μm)	104.77B	90.79C	107.30B	188.25A	8.30	＜0.001
隐窝深度Crypt depth (μm)	367.68A	339.43B	330.03B	300.12C	7.96	0.014
肌层厚度Muscular thickness (μm)	170.01C	156.60C	323.53A	214.46B	13.51	＜0.001
绒毛高度/隐窝深度V/C	1.78B	1.82B	2.34A	2.63A	0.08	＜0.001
表面积Surface area (μm²)	68485.03C	56119.59D	80726.33B	147524.51A	7560.46	＜0.001