植酶Q9对大田遮阴夏玉米产量形成的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2019.19.003

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】 黄淮海地区夏玉米生长季多雨寡照频发,同时生产上种植密度的增加影响了群体光照,研究植酶Q9对大田遮阴夏玉米生长发育和产量的调控作用具有重要意义。【方法】 2013—2018年,在大田条件下选用夏玉米品种登海605为试验材料,种植密度67 500株/hm ²。试验设置3个遮阴处理,分别为开花至收获期遮阴（S1）、拔节至开花期遮阴（S2）和出苗至收获期遮阴（S3）,以自然光照为对照（CK）,大田遮光率为60%;另外,选用化控试剂植酶Q9对遮阴和正常光照处理进行外源调控,即开花至收获期遮阴-植酶Q9（Z-S1）、拔节至开花期遮阴-植酶Q9（Z-S2）、出苗至收获期遮阴-植酶Q9（Z-S3）和正常光照-植酶Q9（Z-CK）,以同时期喷施清水为对照,探讨植酶Q9对大田遮阴夏玉米产量形成的影响【结果】 遮阴延缓夏玉米的生长发育进程,雌雄间隔延长,抽雄和吐丝期较对照延迟6 d左右,叶面积指数、功能叶片SPAD值、干物质积累量显著降低,穗长、穗粗减小,秃顶变长,株高、穗位高降低,倒伏率和空秆率增加,进而产量显著降低。喷施植酶Q9后,S3和S2的生育进程较其对照提前1—2 d,雌雄间隔缩短1 d,叶面积指数、SPAD值、穗位高、株高显著增加;干物质积累及其向籽粒的分配比例增加,倒伏率和空秆率降低;S3穗部性状得到改善。喷施植酶Q9增加了夏玉米的公顷穗数、穗粒数、千粒重,进而显著提高产量,S3、S2、S1喷施植酶Q9后分别平均增产21%、9%、14%。【结论】 喷施植酶Q9可以有效缓解夏玉米弱光胁迫导致的危害。

关键词: 夏玉米, 大田遮阴, 植酶Q9, 产量, 化学调控

Abstract:

【Objective】 Summer maize in Huang-Huai-Hai region has frequent rainy season and few sunshine. The increase of planting density affects the population light. It is important to study the regulation of phytase Q9 on the growth and yield of summer maize under shade in the field.【Method】 From 2013 to 2018, a maize variety of Denghai 605 was selected as the experimental material under field conditions, with a planting density of 67 500 plants/hm ². Three shading treatments were set, including shading from tassel stage to maturity stage (S1), shading from six-leaf stage to tassel stage (S2), and shading from emergence stage to maturity stage (S3), with natural lighting in the field as control (CK). The field shading rate was 60%. In addition, chemical control reagent phytase Q9 was selected to regulate the shading treatment and the CK exogenously, namely shading from tassel stage to maturity stage-phytase Q9 (Z-S1), shading from six-leaf stage to tassel stage-phytase Q9 (Z-S2), shading from emergence stage to maturity stage-phytase Q9 (Z-S3), and natural lighting-phytase Q9 (Z-CK). Spraying clear water at the same time was the control. The effect of phytase Q9 on yield formation of summer maize under field shade was studied.【Result】 Compared with the control, shading treatment delayed the growth and development of summer maize, prolonged the interval between males and females, and delayed the period of male drawing and silking for about 6 days. Under shading treatment, leaf area index, SPAD value of functional leaves, and dry matter accumulation decreased significantly, ear length and ear diameter decreased, bald top lengthened, plant height and ear height decreased, lodging rate and empty stem rate increased, and then yield decreased significantly. After spraying plant enzyme Q9, the whole growth period of shading and earing period of shading were 1-2 days earlier than that of the control; The interval between male and female was shortened by 1 day; The leaf area index, SPAD value, ear height and plant height increased significantly; Dry matter accumulation and its distribution to grains increased, while lodging rate and empty stem rate decreased under different shading treatments; The traits of shaded panicle were improved during the whole growth period. The positive regulation of phytase Q9 on these indexes indirectly increased 1000-grain weight, grain number per ear and ear number per hectare of summer maize, and the yield increased significantly. Compared with the control, shading at full growth stage, ear stage and flower and grain stage increased yield by 21%, 9% and 14%, respectively. 【Conclusion】 Spraying phytase Q9 could effectively alleviate the damage caused by low light stress in summer maize.

Key words: summer maize, shading in the field, phytase Q9, yield, chemical regulation

黄鑫慧,高佳,任佰朝,赵斌,刘鹏,张吉旺. 植酶Q9对大田遮阴夏玉米产量形成的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2019, 52(19): 3309-3322.

HUANG XinHui,GAO Jia,REN BaiZhao,ZHAO Bin,LIU Peng,ZHANG JiWang. Effects of Phytase Q9 on Yield Formation of Summer Maize Shading in the Field[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2019, 52(19): 3309-3322.

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图/表 9

表1

表2

植酶Q9对大田遮阴夏玉米产量及其构成因素的影响"

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	产量 Yield (kg·hm^-2)	千粒重 1000-grain weight (g)	穗粒数 Kernels per ear	穗数 Harvest ear number （ears/hm²）	空秆率 Empty stem rate (%)
2013	S3	4874c	329c	276c	53706b	13.51
	Z-S3	5698b	351b	300b	54237a	10.91
	CK	9333a	358a	509a	51285b	8.08
	Z-CK	10165a	368a	517a	53421b	4.83
2014	S3	1666c	246c	162c	41854b	20.47
	Z-S3	2136b	265b	189b	42595b	17.05
	CK	10441a	320b	520a	62670a	4.41
	Z-CK	10856a	339a	524a	61003a	4.85
2015	S3	3056g	311c	260g	37860g	11.65
	Z-S3	4137f	314b	308f	42778f	10.95
	S2	7888c	314b	450c	55864e	8.08
	Z-S2	9523b	313b	488b	62346c	4.61
	S1	6087e	313b	327e	59506d	2.95
	Z-S1	7207d	314b	361d	63580b	2.33
	CK	11850a	316a	568a	65965a	1.30
	Z-CK	11566a	313b	563a	65635a	0.85
年份 Year	处理 Treatment	产量 Yield (kg·hm^-2)	千粒重 1000-grain weight (g)	穗粒数 Kernels per ear	穗数 Harvest ear number （ears/hm²）	空秆率 Empty stem rate (%)
2016	S3	5854g	328g	320e	55864g	8.59
	Z-S3	6862f	333f	350d	58951e	5.91
	S2	9186d	346d	455c	58333f	5.97
	Z-S2	9790c	351c	464c	60185d	4.41
	S1	6798f	342e	322e	61728c	7.54
	Z-S1	7505e	343e	357d	61420c	5.24
	CK	12852b	364a	550b	64198b	2.35
	Z-CK	13494a	358b	574a	65741a	1.39
2017	S3	5219e	336e	330e	47084c	30.25
	Z-S3	6137d	340d	377d	47921c	29.01
	S2	8765b	342d	432b	59252b	12.22
	Z-S2	9048b	346c	433b	60324b	10.63
	S1	6360d	335e	310d	61365b	9.09
	Z-S1	7511c	341d	360c	61210b	9.32
	CK	12371a	366a	527a	64208a	4.88
	Z-CK	11954a	355b	516a	65350a	3.19
2018	S3	6882f	334e	312f	66069h	2.12
	Z-S3	7462e	337d	334d	66328g	1.74
	S2	10074c	340c	445b	66529f	1.44
	Z-S2	10525b	347b	452b	67083b	0.62
	S1	7294e	334e	326e	67045d	0.67
	Z-S1	7881d	345b	342c	66840e	0.98
	CK	12712a	356a	532a	67079c	0.62
	Z-CK	12775a	358a	529a	67500a	0.00
ANOVA
	年份Year (Y)	**	**	**	**	**
	遮阴Shading (S)	**	**	**	**	**
	化控Regulation (R)	**	**	**	**	**
	Y×R	**	**	**	**	**
	Y×S	**	**	**	**	**
	R×S	*	NS	**	**	**
	Y×R×S	**	**	**	**	**

表2

表3

图1

表4

表5

表6

图2

图3

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处理 Treatment	风速 Air speed (m·s^-1)	气温 Air temperature (℃)	地温 Soil temperature (℃)	相对湿度 Relative humidity (%)	光照强度 Light intensity (μmol·m^-2·s^-1)	CO₂浓度 CO₂ concentration (μmol·mol^-1)
CK	0.91a	29.8a	24.4a	50.6a	1676a	324a
S	0.9a	29.4a	24.1a	50.1a	681b	326a

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	穗长 Ear length (cm)	秃顶长 Barren ear length (cm)	穗粗 Ear diameter (cm)
2015	CK	20.2a	1.35e	4.63a
	Z-CK	19.9a	1.36e	4.43b
	S3	14.8d	2.47a	3.97ef
	Z-S3	15.8c	1.92c	4.13e
	S2	17.7b	1.53d	4.4bc
	Z-S2	17.8b	1.48d	4.3cd
	S1	14.6d	2.39b	4.26d
	Z-S1	15.0d	2.33b	4.39bc
2016	CK	19.8a	1.61d	4.68ab
	Z-CK	19.9a	1.69d	4.72a
	S3	15.1e	2.34bc	4.13d
	Z-S3	16.1d	1.87cd	4.17d
	S2	18.2c	2.40b	4.52bc
	Z-S2	19.1b	2.30bc	4.47c
	S1	15.0e	2.96a	4.28d
	Z-S1	15.1e	2.34bc	4.24d
2018	CK	18.8a	1.07c	4.35a
	Z-CK	18.9a	0.97c	4.30a
	S3	15.3c	1.87a	4.04b
	Z-S3	15.9b	1.02c	4.05b
	S2	18.6a	1.16c	4.19ab
	Z-S2	18.7a	1.00c	4.19ab
	S1	15.3c	1.65ab	4.14ab
	Z-S1	15.3c	1.58b	4.17ab

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	茎Stalk		叶Leaf		穗Kernel		总干重 Total dry matter (g/plant)
年份 Year	处理 Treatment	干重 Dry matter (g/plant)	比例 Proportion (%)	干重 Dry matter (g/plant)	比例 Proportion (%)	干重 Dry matter (g/plant)	比例 Proportion (%)	总干重 Total dry matter (g/plant)
2015	S3	51.8c	34	27.9b	19	56.8d	38	150.6d
	Z-S3	51.2c	27	32.4a	17	88.4c	47	188.7c
	S2	51.6d	23	25.6b	12	120.5b	54	222.3bc
	Z-S2	55.8c	23	28.0b	12	126.5b	53	240.3b
	S1	73.9b	38	37.7a	19	72.0d	37	196.5c
	Z-S1	82.2a	39	35.9a	17	97.8c	42	230.5b
	CK	87.5a	28	36.3a	12	166.1a	53	313.8a
	Z-CK	89.5a	27	38.1a	12	177.2a	54	329.8a
2016	S3	51.5d	41	21.0c	17	44.7e	35	126.8f
	Z-S3	48.6d	30	22.7c	14	80.8d	50	162.5e
	S2	50.1d	20	22.3c	9	152.1c	61	247.4c
	Z-S2	59.8c	22	23.4c	9	166.1b	61	273.7b
	S1	67.0bc	36	30.5b	16	76.7d	41	185.7d
	Z-S1	70.8b	37	31.6b	16	84.2d	42	199.7d
	CK	93.7a	28	38.4a	11	185.1a	54	340.5a
	Z-CK	92.3a	27	37.2a	11	188.9a	56	340.2a
2018	S3	64.1cd	36	29.5c	17	67.0h	38	176.8g
	Z-S3	66.2c	30	31.7bc	14	105.0e	48	220.5d
	S2	73.0b	28	29.6c	11	140.0d	53	265.7c
	Z-S2	75.9a	26	31.9bc	11	151.0c	53	286.8b
	S1	61.2e	34	31.5bc	17	75.6g	42	180.5f
	Z-S1	62.8de	32	30.4c	16	90.5f	46	195.8e
	CK	75.8a	26	33.6ab	11	164.4a	56	296.1a
	Z-CK	77.8a	26	35.5a	12	160.7b	54	297.7a

处理 Treatment	播种 Seeding	出苗 VE	拔节期 V6	大喇叭口 V12	抽雄期 VT	吐丝期 R1	乳熟期 R3	成熟期 R6
S3	6-6	6-11	7-6	7-29	8-3	8-7	9-3	10-7
Z-S3	6-6	6-11	7-6	7-27	8-2	8-5	9-1	10-5
S2	6-6	6-11	7-1	7-25	8-2	8-6	8-25	9-28
Z-S2	6-6	6-11	7-1	7-23	8-1	8-4	8-24	9-27
S1	6-6	6-11	7-1	7-21	7-28	7-31	8-26	9-30
Z-S1	6-6	6-11	7-1	7-21	7-28	7-31	8-25	9-29
CK	6-6	6-11	7-1	7-21	7-28	7-31	8-23	9-26
Z-CK	6-6	6-11	7-1	7-21	7-28	7-31	8-23	9-26

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	株高 Plant height (cm)	穗位高 Ear height (cm)	穗位系数 Ear position coefficient	第3节间茎粗 Stem diameter of the third node (cm)	倒伏率 Lodging rate (%)
2015	CK	268ab	116a	43	2.2a	3.48
	Z-CK	266b	117a	44	2.2a	3.23
	S3	220f	90d	41	1.6c	5.34
	Z-S3	249c	105c	42	1.7bc	22.98
	S2	224e	105c	47	1.9b	2.30
	Z-S2	246d	112b	45	1.9b	4.20
	S1	270a	117a	43	2.3a	1.40
	Z-S1	271a	117a	43	2.3a	2.36
2016	CK	268b	118a	44	1.9a	2.19
	Z-CK	257c	117a	46	1.9a	2.07
	S3	219f	90d	41	1.6bc	8.32
	Z-S3	244d	106c	43	1.7b	5.31
	S2	225e	105c	47	1.7b	6.55
	Z-S2	245d	112b	46	1.7b	5.01
	S1	269ab	119a	44	1.8ab	2.38
	Z-S1	272a	119a	44	1.9a	2.15
	CK	247a	94a	38	2.1a	0.62
	Z-CK	246a	94a	38	2.1a	0.68
	S3	215f	82d	38	1.5b	3.89
	Z-S3	221e	87bc	39	1.7b	0.69
2018	S2	228d	86c	38	1.6b	1.80
	Z-S2	231c	88b	38	1.7b	0.93
	S1	243b	95a	39	2.0a	1.35
	Z-S1	244b	94a	38	2.0a	0.33