夏玉米产量与光温生产效率差异分析——以山东省为例

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2019.08.006

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】研究夏玉米各产量层次之间的物质生产及资源利用能力,量化山东省夏玉米籽粒产量与光、温资源利用效率的差异,明确农业生产条件和栽培措施对产量差及效率差的贡献率,探讨产量差、效率差协同缩减的可能性,为缩小夏玉米产量差距、提升资源利用效率提供理论依据。【方法】本试验于2017—2018年在山东省泰安、淄博和烟台3市进行,针对山东夏玉米生产调研出的问题,在同一地块采用综合管理模式,从合理密植、优化肥水、增产增效的角度设计了4种管理模式,模拟超高产水平（SH）、高产高效水平（HH）、农户水平（FP）和基础产量水平（CK）4个产量层次,定量分析不同产量层次之间的产量差及光温资源生产效率差。结合光温生产潜力分析和作物产量性能分析,探究产量差和效率差的影响因素及缩差增效途径。【结果】当前山东省夏玉米光温潜力与超高产水平、超高产水平与高产高效水平、高产高效水平与农户生产水平、农户生产水平与基础产量水平之间的产量差分别为5.85、0.82、1.90、1.35 t·hm ^-2,光能生产效率差分别为1.74、0.15、0.28、0.45 g·MJ ^-1,温度生产效率差分别为1.09、0.10、0.17、0.28 kg·hm ^-2·℃ ^-1;当前不可控因素对产量差和光、温生产效率差的贡献率分别为58.49%和66.09%,可控因素对产量差和光、温生产效率差的贡献率分别为41.51%和33.91%,地域差异因素对产量差、光能生产效率差和温度生产效率差的贡献率分别为1.98%、2.49%和3.24%;产量差与光温资源生产效率差之间有显著相关性;SH和HH处理较FP处理和CK有较高的地上部生物量、生育期平均叶面积指数（MLAI）和冠层光能截获率。【结论】当前山东省夏玉米农户生产水平与光温潜力水平之间的产量差、光能生产效率差、温度生产效率差分别为8.56 t·hm ^-2、2.17 g·MJ ^-1、1.35 kg·hm ^-2·℃ ^-1,产量与光、温资源利用效率仍有较大的提升空间。玉米籽粒产量差和光、温资源利用效率差显著相关,在现有农户管理措施的基础上,应用高产高效管理模式（种植密度增加1.5×10 ⁴株·hm ^-2,适当增加施肥量,将一次性施肥改为于播种期、大喇叭口期、开花期和乳熟期采用水肥一体化方式分次施肥）能够缩小产量差距1.90 t·hm ^-2,提高光、温资源生产效率14.74%和14.41%,是协同缩差增效的有效技术途径。

关键词: 夏玉米, 产量, 光温生产效率, 差距

Abstract:

【Objective】 In the present study, the biomass production and resource availability among yield levels were studied to quantify the gap of yield, radiation production efficiency and temperature production efficiency of summer maize in Shandong province. This study aimed to clarify the contribution rate of agricultural production conditions and cultivation measures to yield gap and efficiency gap, and to explore the possibility of synergistic narrow the yield gap and efficiency gap, so as to provide a theoretical basis for closing yield gap and improving resource utilization efficiency. 【Method】 The experiment was conducted in Taian, Zibo and Yantai in Shandong province from 2017 to 2018. Based on the investigation of summer maize production in Shandong province, four management models were designed in consideration of appropriate increase of plant density, optimization of fertilizer and water, increase of yield and efficiency with the same integrated management. The four yield levels, including super high yield (SH), high yield and high efficiency (HH), farmer level (FP) and basic production level (CK), were simulated. And the gap of yield, radiation production efficiency and temperature production efficiency of different yield levels were analyzed. With the integrative analysis of radiation-temperature production potential and crop yield performance, the factors affecting gap of yield and efficiency and the way closing yield gap and increasing efficiency were explored in the present study. 【Result】 At present, the yield gap between radiation temperature potential level and super high yield level, super high yield level and high yield high efficiency level, high yield and high efficiency level and farmer production level, farmer production level and basic production level of summer maize in Shandong province were 5.85, 0.82, 1.90 and 1.35 t·hm ^-2, respectively; The radiation production efficiency gap were 1.74, 0.15, 0.28 and 0.45 g·MJ ^-1, respectively; and the temperature production efficiency gap were 1.09, 0.10, 0.17 and 0.28 kg·hm ^-2·℃ ^-1, respectively. The current uncontrollable factors contributed 58.49% to yield gap, and contributed 66.09% to light and temperature production efficiency. And geographical difference factors contributed 1.98% to yield gap, contributed 2.49% to radiation production efficiency, and contributed 3.24% to temperature production efficiency. There was a significant correlation between the yield gap and the production efficiency gap. SH and HH had higher biomass, mean leaf area index (MLAI) and canopy light energy interception rate than FP and CK. 【Conclusion】 At present, the gap of yield, the radiation production efficiency, and the temperature production efficiency between the farmer production level and the radiation temperature potential level of summer maize in Shandong province were 8.56 t·hm ^-2, 2.17 g·MJ ^-1, and 1.35 kg·hm ^-2·℃ ^-1, respectively, so there was room for improvement in yield and utilization efficiency of radiation and temperature resources. There was a significant correlation between the yield gap and the production efficiency gap, on the basis of existing farmer management measures, the application of high-yield and high-efficiency management mode (increase the plant density of 15 000 plant·hm ^-2, and increasing the amount of fertilization appropriately, changing the one-time fertilization into the sub-fertilization mode with water and fertilizer integration during the stage of sowing, spike formation, flowering, and milking) could narrow the yield gap by 1.90 t·hm ^-2and increase the production efficiency of radiation and temperature resources by 14.74% and 14.41%, respectively, which was an effective technical way to synergistic close yield gap and increase efficiency.

Key words: summer maize, yield, radiation and temperature production efficiency, gap

王洪章,刘鹏,董树亭,张吉旺,赵斌,任佰朝. 夏玉米产量与光温生产效率差异分析——以山东省为例[J]. 中国农业科学, 2019, 52(8): 1355-1367.

WANG HongZhang,LIU Peng,DONG ShuTing,ZHANG JiWang,ZHAO Bin,REN BaiZhao. Analysis of Gap Between Yield and Radiation Production Efficiency and Temperature Production Efficiency in Summer Maize: Taking Shandong Province as an Example[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2019, 52(8): 1355-1367.

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处理 Treatment	种植密度 Plant density (plant/hm)	目标产量 Target yield (kg·hm^-2)	肥料种类 Fertilizers	用量 Rate (kg·hm^-2)	比例 Percentage
处理 Treatment	种植密度 Plant density (plant/hm)	目标产量 Target yield (kg·hm^-2)	肥料种类 Fertilizers	用量 Rate (kg·hm^-2)	播种 Seeding	大喇叭口期 V12	开花期 VT	乳熟期 R3
SH	82500	18000	有机肥 Organic fertilizer	7500	100%
			N	540	30%PU+10%U	30%U	20%U	10%U
			P₂O₅	180	100%
			K₂O	360	75%		25%
HH	82500	15000	有机肥 Organic fertilizer	7500	100%
			N	375	30%PU+10%U	30%U	20%U	10%U
			P₂O₅	150	100%
			K₂O	300	75%		25%
FP	67500		NPK三元复合肥 Ternary compound fertilizer (N-P₂O₅-K₂O=14-16-15)	750	100%
CK	67500			0

地点 Site	年份 Year	播种 Sowing (M-D)	生育期 Growth stage (M-D)					生育期天数 Total days (d)
地点 Site	年份 Year	播种 Sowing (M-D)	大喇叭口期 Bell stage	开花期 Flowering stage	灌浆期 Filling stage	乳熟期 Milking stage	收获期 Harvest	生育期天数 Total days (d)
泰安 Taian	2017	6-12	7-27	8-04	8-23	9-03	10-06	116
泰安 Taian	2018	6-12	7-25	8-02	8-22	9-01	10-06	116
淄博 Zibo	2017	6-12	7-25	8-07	8-22	9-03	9-29	109
淄博 Zibo	2018	6-13	7-26	8-06	8-21	9-01	10-01	110
烟台 Yantai	2017	6-20	7-29	8-15	8-30	9-15	10-06	108
烟台 Yantai	2018	6-20	8-03	8-16	9-03	9-13	10-08	110

年份 Year	地点 Site	籽粒产量Grain yield (t·hm^-2)					产量差距Yield gap (t·hm^-2)
年份 Year	地点 Site	Y_RT	Y_SH	Y_HH	Y_FP	Y_CK	YG_t	YG_I	YG_II	YG_III	YG_IV	YG_s
2017	泰安Taian	17.71	12.30	11.30	9.97	8.78	8.93	5.41	1.00	1.33	1.19	—
	淄博Zibo	16.78	12.07	11.42	9.80	8.60	8.18	4.71	0.65	1.62	1.2	0.17
	烟台Yantai	15.84	11.99	11.91	9.85	8.27	7.57	3.85	0.08	2.06	1.58	0.12
2018	泰安Taian	19.06	12.53	11.33	8.75	7.51	11.55	6.53	1.20	2.58	1.24	0.81
	淄博Zibo	20.25	12.34	11.29	9.41	8.01	12.24	7.91	1.05	1.88	1.40	0.15
	烟台Yantai	19.09	12.41	11.46	9.56	8.10	10.99	6.68	0.95	1.90	1.46	—
平均Average		18.12	12.27	11.45	9.56	8.21	9.91	5.85	0.82	1.90	1.35	0.21

地点 Site	处理 Treatments	2017				2018
地点 Site	处理 Treatments	MLAI	MNAR (g·m^-2·d^-1)	D (d)	HI	MLAI	MNAR (g·m^-2·d^-1)	D (d)	HI
泰安 Taian	SH	3.69a	6.69b	116	0.51a	3.47a	6.87b	116	0.53a
	HH	3.51b	6.77b	116	0.51a	3.28b	6.92b	116	0.53a
	FP	3.00c	8.38a	116	0.50a	3.01c	7.82a	116	0.53a
	CK	2.48d	8.44a	116	0.50a	2.46d	7.56a	116	0.51a
淄博 Zibo	SH	3.84a	5.84c	109	0.53a	3.76a	5.72b	110	0.53a
	HH	3.70b	5.77c	109	0.51a	3.53b	5.72b	110	0.52a
	FP	3.00c	6.00b	109	0.51a	2.99c	5.84a	110	0.52a
	CK	2.49d	6.61a	109	0.50a	2.48d	6.04a	110	0.50a
烟台 Yantai	SH	3.93a	5.93b	108	0.51a	3.44a	8.46c	109	0.51a
	HH	3.50b	6.21b	108	0.50a	3.19b	8.51c	109	0.50a
	FP	3.31c	7.07a	108	0.50a	2.86c	10.28a	109	0.48a
	CK	2.81d	7.76a	108	0.49a	2.31d	9.23b	109	0.47a

年份 Year	地点 Site	光能生产效率Production efficiency of radiation					效率差距Efficiency gap
年份 Year	地点 Site	RE_RT	RE_SH	RE_HH	RE_FP	RE_CK	REG_t	REG_I	REG_II	REG_III	REG_IV	REG_s
2017	泰安Taian	4.01	2.29	2.08	1.87	1.39	2.63	1.73	0.21	0.21	0.48	0.25
	淄博Zibo	4.23	2.61	2.48	2.12	1.66	2.57	1.62	0.14	0.35	0.47	—
	烟台Yantai	3.71	2.48	2.34	2.01	1.52	2.19	1.23	0.15	0.33	0.49	0.11
2018	泰安Taian	4.05	2.19	2.10	1.80	1.36	2.69	1.86	0.09	0.31	0.44	—
	淄博Zibo	4.34	2.22	2.06	1.80	1.40	2.94	2.12	0.16	0.26	0.40	—
	烟台Yantai	4.05	2.17	1.99	1.79	1.38	2.67	1.88	0.18	0.21	0.40	0.01
平均Average		4.07	2.33	2.18	1.90	1.45	2.62	1.74	0.15	0.28	0.45	0.06